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The process of retrieval refers to


A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

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Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.


A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

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The encoding of information directly into long-term storage without the aid of working memory best illustrates


A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) the spacing effect.

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By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second,Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.


A) working
B) implicit
C) iconic
D) procedural

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Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course,they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned.This finding indicates that information is lost while it is


A) encoded.
B) rehearsed.
C) retrieved.
D) in storage.

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Alan Baddeley's model of working memory includes


A) forming implicit memories of learned motor skills.
B) visual and auditory rehearsal of new information.
C) automatic processing of classically conditioned associations.
D) all of the above processes.

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After hearing the sound of an ambulance,you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness.This best illustrates the impact of


A) procedural memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) priming.
D) flashbulb memory.

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Research on memory construction indicates that


A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past.
B) false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really happened.
C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval.
D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.

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The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue,but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name.Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by


A) encoding failure.
B) automatic processing.
C) retrieval failure.
D) repression.

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Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.


A) echoic
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) iconic

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You are most likely to automatically encode information about


A) politicians' names.
B) friends' birthdays.
C) new web addresses.
D) the sequence of your day's events.

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The reports of children who are interviewed by officials regarding an alleged incident of sexual abuse are most likely to be unreliable if


A) no one has discussed the incident with them before.
B) they are interviewed shortly after the incident occurred.
C) they were emotionally stressed by the incident.
D) they are questioned about specific forms of abuse that never happened during the incident.

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When retrieving memories of a past event,we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details.The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of


A) anterograde amnesia.
B) automatic processing.
C) memory construction.
D) proactive interference.

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Mr.Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course.Yet the more he plays the course,the more his game improves.His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between


A) short-term memory and long-term memory.
B) massed practice and distributed practice.
C) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D) recognition and recall.

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Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.


A) working
B) short-term
C) implicit
D) sensory

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Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land.This best illustrates


A) automatic processing.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) context-dependent memory.

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An iconic memory is a ________ memory.


A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) procedural

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Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?


A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) recognition

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Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.


A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) procedural

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Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some past experiences with a high school boyfriend.The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of


A) priming.
B) memory consolidation.
C) automatic processing.
D) the serial position effect.

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