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The original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model did not consider the formation of


A) short-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) long-term memories.

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After watching a happy film,amnesia patients' happy emotion persisted,even though they could not consciously recall the film.These patients had suffered damage to the


A) basal ganglia.
B) hippocampus.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.

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Mice could not learn their way out of a maze if they could not produce an enzyme needed for


A) automatic processing.
B) the serial position effect.
C) echoic memory.
D) long-term potentiation.

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Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?


A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) Elizabeth Loftus
C) George Miller
D) Sigmund Freud

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Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is most useful for


A) automatically processing complex information.
B) aiding the development of implicit memory.
C) inhibiting the spacing effect.
D) becoming aware of what you do not yet know.

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Experimental participants demonstrated __________ memory of letters flashed for one-twentieth of a second if a high,medium,or low tone was sounded immediately __________ flashing the letters.


A) worse: before
B) worse;after
C) better;before
D) better;after

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The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from


A) retrieving information from memory.
B) the automatic processing of information.
C) combining information into larger chunks.
D) rereading previously studied information.

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After studying biology all afternoon,Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning.Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates


A) retroactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) source amnesia.

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The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to


A) encoding failure.
B) storage decay.
C) repression.
D) proactive interference.

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In experiments,rats have learned the location of a tasty new food.But if their ________ is removed 3 hours after they locate the food,they will not form a long-term memory of the food's location.


A) amygdala
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

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By consciously rehearsing the facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions over the semester,you are most clearly taking advantage of


A) proactive interference.
B) serial position effect.
C) distributed practice.
D) automatic processing.

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Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY.She is using a memory aid known as


A) chunking.
B) the spacing effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) the serial position effect.

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Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member.This best illustrates ________ memory.


A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) state-dependent

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Retaining information over time through encoding,storage,and retrieval best describes


A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) the two-track mind.
D) memory.

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A classic three-stage information-processing model that distinguishes between sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory was first introduced by


A) Elizabeth Loftus.
B) Eric Kandel and James Schwartz.
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
D) Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

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To study the impact of practice on memory retention,Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced learning


A) poems.
B) names.
C) short sentences.
D) nonsense syllables.

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Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear,she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents.Valerie's experience best illustrates


A) memory consolidation.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

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Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is explained to them.This best illustrates the value of


A) iconic memory.
B) encoding meaning.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) source amnesia.

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Memories are primed by


A) memory consolidation.
B) retrieval cues.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) infantile amnesia.

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Simply identifying previously learned items in a multiple-choice test question constitutes a measure of retention known as


A) relearning.
B) recognition.
C) rehearsal.
D) recall.

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