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The long run is a period of time long enough for at least one input, or factor of production, to vary as far as the individual firm is concerned.

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A production function is a mathematical statement of the way that the quantity of output of a particular product depends on the use of specific inputs, or resources.

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The marginal product of a variable input is the rate of change of average product with respect to the input, all other things kept fixed.

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The marginal rate of technical) substitution is equal to the inverse of the slope of an isoquant.

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If two inputs can be substituted for each other at a fixed rate then:


A) the inputs are perfect substitutes.
B) the inputs are imperfect substitutes.
C) the inputs are not substitutable.
D) the amount of each input is the same along an isoquant.
E) none of the above.

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The given production function exhibits which of the following? The given production function exhibits which of the following?   A)  constant returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 100% increase in output. B)  decreasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a less than 100% increase in output. C)  decreasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a .425% increase in output D)  increasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 675% increase in output E)  increasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 425% increase in output.


A) constant returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 100% increase in output.
B) decreasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a less than 100% increase in output.
C) decreasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a .425% increase in output
D) increasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 675% increase in output
E) increasing returns to scale - for every 100% increase in input, there is a 425% increase in output.

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To an economist, for a firm to be operating in the short run,


A) all inputs are variable.
B) no more than one input can be fixed.
C) all inputs are fixed.
D) it must operate with its existing plant and equipment.
E) at least one input is fixed.

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The short run is a period so brief that the amount of at least one input, or factor of production, is variable.

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A mathematical statement of the way that the quantity of output of a particular product depends on the use of specific inputs or resources is called:


A) a demand curve.
B) a total revenue curve.
C) a production function.
D) the marginal rate of technical) substitution.
E) an isoquant curve

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If equal increments of one variable input are added while keeping the amounts of all other inputs fixed, and decreasing additions to total product begin, then:


A) diminishing marginal returns have begun.
B) the firm is employing the least cost combination of inputs.
C) returns to scale are constant.
D) returns to scale are decreasing.
E) returns to scale are increasing.

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Which of the following statements is correct for a variable input "a" and short-run product curves?


A) When TPa reaches a maximum, the MPa is zero.
B) Then TPa reaches a maximum, the MPa is +1.
C) When APa reaches a maximum, MPa is zero.
D) When MPa reaches a maximum, APa is zero.
E) None of the above is correct.

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