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Exam 10: Mutations and Cancer

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Question 41

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The cell cycle checkpoints are responsible for checking that the cell is prepared to move on to the next stage in cell division.For example,the G₁-to-S checkpoint ensures that the cell has all the components and signals necessary to go on to S phase and that the appropriate signals are present.The G₂ checkpoint checks whether the

A) chromosomes have been separated properly.
B) DNA has been replicated properly.
C) chromosomes have aligned properly.
D) DNA has decondensed.
E) cell organelles have duplicated properly.

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Question 42

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How could a cancerous cell evade apoptosis?

A) The cell responds to environmental signals.
B) The cell goes through the cell cycle too quickly for apoptosis to occur.
C) The cell has a mutation in a checkpoint protein.
D) The cell is stuck in one phase of the cell cycle.
E) Cancerous cells can't evade apoptosis.

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Question 43

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Mutations are

What is the increased risk of ovarian cancer by age 70 if you have one copy of a deleterious BRCA2 allele when compared to the general population?

A mutation would most likely be inherited if it is located in a ____ cell.

Why is a person who has inherited one copy of a harmful BRCA allele much more likely to have early-onset breast cancer or ovarian cancer than a person with two functioning alleles?

In normal cells,lack of functional tumor suppressors would cause

We would all have many more mutations in our genes if not for the _____.

Gene mutations can arise when nucleotides are

A gene found in a somatic cell is mutated.The resulting protein regulates mitosis but now has a different 3D shape.What is a likely result?

Bob and Linda are a newly married couple.They hope to have a child but are having trouble getting pregnant.They visit a fertility clinic,where they receive a variety of tests.One test shows that Bob is healthy but carries a single disease-causing allele for CFTR (the gene that can cause cystic fibrosis) ,but Linda does not.This means that

If an individual has a germ cell mutation,which of these is a possible source of that mutation?

Chemotherapy drugs interfere with

What kinds of preventative measures are available for individuals who have a strong genetic predisposition to breast cancer?

The most common cancer among women is

Metastasis is

If you mother has a single copy of a harmful BRCA gene,what are the chances you inherited the harmful BRCA allele from her?

What kind of mutation causes most types of cancer?

When would you need a gene that can stop the cell cycle?

Mutations that cause the cell to divide rapidly,even in the absence of a signal to divide,are usually mutations of