Question 1

_____ is the approach that mines a pathogen's genome to reveal potential antigens and derives clues about cellular location,function,and ability to stimulate protective antibodies based on nucleotide sequence.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conjugation
B)  Attenuation
C)  Reverse vaccinology
D)  Herd immunity
E)  Neutralization.

Question 2

B cells are activated by CD4 TH2 cells only if both cell types recognize the same antigen.The same epitope,however,does not need to be shared for recognition.
A.Discuss why this characteristic is important in vaccine design.
B.Provide an example of a conjugate vaccine used to stimulate the synthesis of IgG antibody against Haemophilus influenzae B polysaccharide.

Accepted Answer

A.	Many bacteria are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule. In some cases, antibodies against the capsular polysaccharides give protective immunity against the pathogen. Antibodies produced against polysaccharide antigens are generally restricted to the IgM isotype, because the help needed to switch isotypes to IgG is provided by T cells, which recognize only peptide antigens. Adult humans make effective immune responses to polysaccharides alone and thus can be protected by subunit vaccines made from the capsular polysaccharides of encapsulated bacteria. Their antibody responses are polysaccharide-specific, T-cell independent, and involve antibodies of the IgM isotype. In contrast, children do not make effective immune responses to polysaccharides alone and thus cannot be immunized with such vaccines.
However, if the polysaccharide is conjugated to a protein, peptides from the protein part of the molecule can activate specific TH2 cells. B cells specific for polysaccharide will bind and internalize the whole antigen via their antigen receptors, process it, and then present peptides from the protein part on their surface. T cells specific for these peptides will interact with the B cell, delivering the necessary cytokines (such as IL-4) and the CD40–CD40-ligand signal required for isotype switching. The B cell will then produce IgG anti-polysaccharide antibodies. This type of vaccine can be used to immunize children so as to induce protective anti-polysaccharide antigens.
B.	A vaccine of this type has been produced against Haemophilus influenzae B (HiBC), which can cause pneumonia and meningitis. The conjugate vaccine is composed of a capsular polysaccharide of H. influenzae conjugated to tetanus or diphtheria toxoid (a protein). The antibody response is polysaccharide-specific, T-cell dependent, and comprises IgG that protects children from the meningitis caused by this microorganism.

Question 3

An example of an inactivated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Sabin polio vaccine
B)  influenza vaccine
C)  mumps vaccine
D)  hepatitis B vaccine
E)  rabies vaccine.

Question 4

Match between columns
                        Premises: Capsular polysaccharide vaccines are equally effective in infants and adults,and stimulate strong T-independent antibody responses.
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)vaccine is commonly used in the United States to provide protection against tuberculosis
BCG is a heat-killed strain of bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A state of inflammation impairs effective immune responses to microbial products.
Lipopolysaccharide-deficient Salmonella typhi is used to vaccinate against typhoid fever.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of True and False is...

Question 5

In the context of providing protection against smallpox,describe (A)the similarities and (B)the differences between variolation and vaccination.(C)Now explain the mechanisms by which immunization with vaccinia virus provides protection against smallpox.

Accepted Answer

A.Variolation and vaccination are both p...

Question 6

The efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immunological memory improve each time a particular pathogen is encountered because _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  of protective immunity
B)  effector memory T cells outnumber central memory T cells
C)  the half-life of antibodies made in secondary and tertiary immune responses exceeds that of antibodies made in primary immune responses.
D)  of affinity maturation.

Question 7

A conjugate vaccine is one that couples _____ to _____ so as to stimulate T-dependent antibody responses.

Accepted Answer

A)  polysaccharide; a protein carrier
B)  a protein carrier; irradiated DNA
C)  protein carrier; toxoids
D)  adjuvant; toxoids
E)  polysaccharide; filamentous hemagglutinin.

Question 8

Explain (A)why only memory B cells,and not naive B cells,participate in secondary immune responses to particular pathogens,and (B)why this is advantageous to the host.

Accepted Answer

A.	Naive B cells carry the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIB1. Complexes composed of antigen and IgG produced in the primary response, or by reactivated memory cells, cross-link FcγRIIB1 and the B-cell receptor, which suppresses naive B-cell activation. In contrast, memory B cells do not carry this receptor, and so are not inhibited in this way.
	B.	The suppression of naive B cells means that only reactivated memory B cells (which have already undergone isotype switching and somatic hypermutation) make antibodies. Thus all the antibodies made are of high affinity and are primarily of the IgG, IgA, or IgE isotype. Suppression of naive B cells eliminates repetition of the events that took place in the primary immune response, which would, if not inhibited, lead to the production of low-affinity IgM antibodies rather than high-affinity, isotype-switched antibodies that are more effective at removing the pathogen.

Question 9

All of the following are ways in which plasma cells differ from memory cells except _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cells lack surface immunoglobulin
B)  cellular morphology
C)  plasma cells are CD27-negative
D)  plasma cells have undergone isotype switching
E)  plasma cells are short-lived.

Question 10

A newly identified antigen protein of Neisseria meningitidis called fHbp increases virulence by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  interfering with the alternative pathway of complement activation
B)  binding to host-derived heparin
C)  increasing the adhesiveness of the bacterium
D)  inhibiting phagocytosis
E)  inducing inflammation.

Question 11

_____ involves deliberate stimulation of the immune system and induction of protective immunity to a particular disease-causing pathogen by mimicking infection in the absence of disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  Variolation
B)  Attenuation
C)  Vaccination
D)  Conjugation
E)  Herd immunity. C

Question 12

Which of the following explains why the first baby born to a RhD- mother and a RhD+ father does not develop hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fetal erythrocytes do not cross the placenta and therefore do not stimulate an antibody response.
B)  The antibodies made by the RhD- mother during the first pregnancy are predominantly IgM and have low affinity for the Rhesus antigen.
C)  Maternal macrophages in the placenta bind to anti-Rhesus antibodies and prevent their transfer to the fetus.
D)  Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a T-cell-mediated disease and maternal T cells do not cross the placenta during pregnancy.
E)  The Rhesus antigen is not immunogenic and does not stimulate an antibody response.

Question 13

Recombinant DNA technology has been especially useful for the production of _____ that are used in subunit vaccines.

Accepted Answer

A)  viral proteins
B)  viral nucleic acids
C)  mutated viruses
D)  viral polysaccharides
E)  infectious particles.

Question 14

Imagine a situation in which an individual who has a latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection receives a hematopoietic stem-cell transplant.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  The memory T cells present at the time of transplantation would inhibit activation of newly generated naive T cells.
B)  The CMV viral load would increase exponentially,overcoming the host and causing death.
C)  The transplant-derived naive T cells would be activated and give rise to memory T cells that would persist and control viral load.
D)  There would be a rapid increase in CMV viral load and expansion of T cells bearing CD45RA.

Question 15

Naive T cells do not express _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  CD25
B)  CD45RA
C)  CCR7
D)  IFN-γ
E)  FasL.

Question 16

Which of the following vaccines is least likely to pose a risk in an individual with an immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sabin polio vaccine
B)  measles vaccine
C)  hepatitis B vaccine
D)  vaccinia vaccine
E)  yellow fever vaccine.

Question 17

The reason that vaccines against influenza must be administered annually,unlike vaccines against measles,is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the antigens that stimulate protection against influenza virus are inside the virion and not on the surface
B)  influenza is an RNA virus with a higher mutation rate
C)  influenza stimulates T-independent responses that fail to generate memory cells
D)  the polysaccharide antigens of influenza stimulate poor immune responses.

Question 18

Which of the following molecules is not elevated on the surface of memory B cells compared with naive B cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC class II molecules
B)  CD45RA
C)  antigen receptor
D)  CD27
E)  co-stimulatory molecules.

Question 19

What risks are associated with live-attenuated virus vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Live-attenuated virus vaccines are mutan...

Question 20

Which of the following explain why the safety standards for vaccines are set higher than those for drugs? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Some vaccines can induce a disease state.
B)  Vaccines provoke side-effects in otherwise healthy children.
C)  Vaccines are much more costly to develop and test than most drugs.
D)  Vaccination programs are targeted at large populations.
E)  Subunit vaccines can potentially integrate into the host genome and activate host oncogenes,leading to the development of cancer.

Exam 11: Immunological Memory and Vaccination

_____ is the approach that mines a pathogen's genome to reveal potential antigens and derives clues about cellular location,function,and ability to stimulate protective antibodies based on nucleotide sequence.

Correct Answer
verified

An example of an inactivated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer
verified

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T)or false (F).

In the context of providing protection against smallpox,describe (A)the similarities and (B)the differences between variolation and vaccination.(C)Now explain the mechanisms by which immunization with vaccinia virus provides protection against smallpox.

Correct Answer
verified
A.Variolation and vaccination are both p...
View Answer

The efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immunological memory improve each time a particular pathogen is encountered because _____.

Correct Answer
verified

A conjugate vaccine is one that couples _ to _ so as to stimulate T-dependent antibody responses.

Correct Answer
verified

Explain (A)why only memory B cells,and not naive B cells,participate in secondary immune responses to particular pathogens,and (B)why this is advantageous to the host.

All of the following are ways in which plasma cells differ from memory cells except _____.

Correct Answer
verified

A newly identified antigen protein of Neisseria meningitidis called fHbp increases virulence by _____.

Correct Answer
verified

_____ involves deliberate stimulation of the immune system and induction of protective immunity to a particular disease-causing pathogen by mimicking infection in the absence of disease.

Correct Answer
verified
C

Which of the following explains why the first baby born to a RhD^- mother and a RhD⁺ father does not develop hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Correct Answer
verified

Recombinant DNA technology has been especially useful for the production of _____ that are used in subunit vaccines.

Correct Answer
verified

Imagine a situation in which an individual who has a latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection receives a hematopoietic stem-cell transplant.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Correct Answer
verified

Naive T cells do not express _____.(Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following vaccines is least likely to pose a risk in an individual with an immunodeficiency?

Correct Answer
verified

The reason that vaccines against influenza must be administered annually,unlike vaccines against measles,is _____.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following molecules is not elevated on the surface of memory B cells compared with naive B cells?

Correct Answer
verified

What risks are associated with live-attenuated virus vaccines?

Correct Answer
verified
Live-attenuated virus vaccines are mutan...
View Answer

Which of the following explain why the safety standards for vaccines are set higher than those for drugs? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 11: Immunological Memory and Vaccination

_____ is the approach that mines a pathogen's genome to reveal potential antigens and derives clues about cellular location,function,and ability to stimulate protective antibodies based on nucleotide sequence.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An example of an inactivated virus vaccine is _____.(Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T)or false (F).

In the context of providing protection against smallpox,describe (A)the similarities and (B)the differences between variolation and vaccination.(C)Now explain the mechanisms by which immunization with vaccinia virus provides protection against smallpox.

Correct AnswerverifiedA.Variolation and vaccination are both p...View AnswerShow Answer

The efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immunological memory improve each time a particular pathogen is encountered because _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A conjugate vaccine is one that couples _____ to _____ so as to stimulate T-dependent antibody responses.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain (A)why only memory B cells,and not naive B cells,participate in secondary immune responses to particular pathogens,and (B)why this is advantageous to the host.

All of the following are ways in which plasma cells differ from memory cells except _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A newly identified antigen protein of Neisseria meningitidis called fHbp increases virulence by _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ involves deliberate stimulation of the immune system and induction of protective immunity to a particular disease-causing pathogen by mimicking infection in the absence of disease.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Which of the following explains why the first baby born to a RhD- mother and a RhD+ father does not develop hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Recombinant DNA technology has been especially useful for the production of _____ that are used in subunit vaccines.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Imagine a situation in which an individual who has a latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection receives a hematopoietic stem-cell transplant.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Naive T cells do not express _____.(Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following vaccines is least likely to pose a risk in an individual with an immunodeficiency?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The reason that vaccines against influenza must be administered annually,unlike vaccines against measles,is _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following molecules is not elevated on the surface of memory B cells compared with naive B cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What risks are associated with live-attenuated virus vaccines?

Correct AnswerverifiedLive-attenuated virus vaccines are mutan...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following explain why the safety standards for vaccines are set higher than those for drugs? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified
A.Variolation and vaccination are both p...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

A conjugate vaccine is one that couples _ to _ so as to stimulate T-dependent antibody responses.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified
C

Which of the following explains why the first baby born to a RhD^- mother and a RhD⁺ father does not develop hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Live-attenuated virus vaccines are mutan...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified