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A) central
B) peripheral
C) autonomic
D) sympathetic
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B
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A) a one-neuron pathway.
B) a two-neuron pathway.
C) a three-neuron pathway.
D) an interneuron.
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The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain and is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, action, and sensory processing. It is divided into two hemispheres, the left and the right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is further divided into four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These lobes are named after the skull bones that cover them.
**Structure of the Cerebrum:**
1. **Hemispheres:** The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are somewhat mirror images of each other but have functional specializations. The left hemisphere is typically associated with language, analytical, and logical abilities, while the right hemisphere is associated with spatial abilities, face recognition, visual imagery, and music.
2. **Lobes:**
- **Frontal Lobe:** Located at the front of the brain, this lobe is involved in executive functions such as decision making, problem-solving, control of purposeful behaviors, consciousness, and emotions. The motor cortex, located at the back of the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements.
- **Parietal Lobe:** Situated behind the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe processes sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain. It also plays a role in spatial orientation and navigation.
- **Temporal Lobe:** Found beneath the lateral fissure, the temporal lobe is involved in processing auditory information and is also important for the formation of long-term memory.
- **Occipital Lobe:** Located at the back of the brain, this lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing.
3. **Sulci and Gyri:** The surface of the cerebrum is highly folded into ridges called gyri and grooves called sulci. This folding increases the surface area, allowing for a greater number of neurons to be packed into the cortex.
4. **Cerebral Cortex:** The outermost layer of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, which is composed of gray matter. This layer is where most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies are located and is the site of complex cognitive processes.
5. **White Matter:** Beneath the cerebral cortex is white matter, composed of myelinated axons that connect different parts of the gray matter to each other.
**Function of the Cerebrum:**
The cerebrum is involved in multiple functions, which include:
1. **Sensory Processing:** Each lobe of the cerebrum has regions called sensory areas that process and interpret information from the senses, leading to the perception of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
2. **Motor Control:** The motor areas of the cerebrum control voluntary muscle movements. The primary motor cortex sends signals to the muscles and is involved in fine motor skills.
3. **Cognitive Functions:** The cerebrum is the center for human cognition. It is involved in functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and consciousness.
4. **Emotional Regulation:** The limbic system, which includes parts of the frontal and temporal lobes, is involved in emotion and memory. It plays a significant role in mood and motivation.
5. **Language:** The left hemisphere of the cerebrum, in most people, contains specialized areas such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area, which are critical for language production and comprehension.
6. **Problem Solving and Decision Making:** The frontal lobes are key players in complex processes such as planning, reasoning, and maintaining attention.
In summary, the cerebrum's structure, with its hemispheres, lobes, gyri, sulci, and the division between gray and white matter, supports its diverse and complex functions, making it the control center for virtually all voluntary activity in the body.
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A) Midbrain
B) Spinal cord
C) Medulla oblongata
D) Thalamus
E) Hypothalamus
F) Cerebellum
G) Sulcus
H) Corpus callosum
I) Cerebrum
J) Gyrus
K) Basal ganglia
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C
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A) Enkephalin
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
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A) central
B) sympathetic
C) peripheral
D) parasympathetic
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