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Exam 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Question 1

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Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?

A) amylose
B) peptidoglycan
C) chitin
D) cellulose

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Question 2

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Synthesis of larger sugars has allowed us to study them more in depth. Which of the following are potential benefits/reasons why we would want to study oligosaccharides in detail?

A) Oligosaccharides are embedded in the cell membrane and help transport molecules across the membrane.
B) Oligosaccharides form the part of the membrane bilayer that controls membrane permeability.
C) Oligosacchrides are one of the information molecules of the cell.
D) Oligosaccharides are present on cell surfaces and are part of cell identity mechanisms.

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Question 3

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Which of the following do starch and cellulose have in common?

Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆) has a single carbonyl group - C=O) in its linear form. Based on the number of oxygen atoms in glucose, how many hydroxyl groups - OH) would you expect glucose to have?

What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar?

Which of these best reflects the following relationship: monosaccharide versus polysaccharide?

You isolate an organic molecule that contains C, H, O, N, and S. This molecule

Enzymes that readily break starch apart cannot hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages found in cellulose. Why is this logical?

Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides?

When an insect is crushed, it creates a crunching sound. What carbohydrate is the most likely source of this sound?

If you were going to develop a new antibiotic, you would probably need to become an expert on which of these carbohydrates?

How do the a and fi forms of glucose differ?

Use the following paragraph to answer to the corresponding questions) . Masatomo Kawakubo et al. reported in Science in August 2004 that the human stomach contains a natural, carbohydrate- base antibiotic that probably protects a large portion of the population from various diseases caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium has been linked to peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer. This naturally occurring antibiotic is described by Kawakubo as having a terminal a1,4- linked N- acetylglucosamine NAG) , and it acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of a major component of the cell wall in H. pylori. [: M. Kawakubo et al., Science 305 2004) : 1003.] -Which of the following structures is most consistent with Kawakubo's description of this antibiotic?

Which of the following carbohydrates contains a peptide bond?

Which of the following polysaccharides is made up of parallel strands joined together by hydrogen bonds?

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of a- glycosidic linkages in glycogen?

Kawakubo's group created a glycoprotein with a terminal NAG i.e., a protein with NAG attached to its end) . Their hypothesis is that the terminal NAG-and not the protein component-is responsible for the damage to the cell wall in H. pylori. What would be the most appropriate control for testing this hypothesis?

Which of the following linkages would you expect to find at a branch point in glycogen or amylopectin?

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of a- glycosidic linkages in starch?

Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the most free energy per gram?