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Exam 21: Gene Structure and Development

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Question 21

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Which of the following human cells contains the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase, a liver enzyme that processes alcohol?

A) sperm and egg cells
B) liver cells
C) heart cells
D) Only the cells in A and B contain the gene for this enzyme.
E) All of the cells in A, B, and C contain the gene for this enzyme.

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Question 22

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Evolutionary theory has until recently stressed genetic mutations that alter protein amino acid sequences as the major source of variation that leads to speciation. Evo- devo evolutionary developmental biology) offers a different understanding of the role of genetic change in evolution. Which of the following statements best summarizes this understanding?

A) Changes in cell-cell interactions in a parent's body can lead to phenotypic change in offspring.
B) Similar genes are found in most developing animal bodies; changes in the times and places they are expressed can lead to phenotypic variation.
C) Genetic mutations are not as important in evolutionary change as the environment in which the organism develops.
D) Greater numbers of genes, rather than the ways in which they are regulated, lead to the development of more complex animals over time.

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Question 23

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Animal species exhibit an enormous diversity of genetic information contained in nuclear DNA. This may be reflected in very different genome sizes. One might predict that animals with more complex structures might show greater numbers of different types of mRNAs during development. Scientists investigating this possibility were surprised to find that similar numbers of genes were transcribed at a particular time in development among species whose genomes differed greatly in size. How can this result be interpreted?

What does the term "genetic equivalence" refer to?

The Bicoid gene product is normally localized to the anterior end of the embryo. If large amounts of the product were injected into the posterior end as well, which of the following would occur?

Even though plant and animal development processes share a number of features, there are some differences between the two groups of organisms. Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of plant and animal development?

Suppose you found several Drosophila mutants that possessed additional legs growing out of the head segments. The probable mutation would be found in

Undifferentiated cells that continue to proliferate throughout an individual's life are referred to by what terms in plants and animals respectively?

Suppose there was a mutation in the segment- polarity genes of Drosophila. What do you suppose might be the outcome?

What types of changes in the regulation of development can lead to evolutionarily significant morphological changes?

The protein of the bicoid gene in Drosophila determines

Many different lineages of animals share similar pattern- formation gene complexes. The study of how these shared complexes function in evolution is termed

Cellular differentiation is usually produced by

In combination, what do the products of gap genes, pair- rule genes, and segmentation polarity genes of fruit flies do?

Scientists have found that the lifetimes of mRNAs coding for pair- rule regulatory elements in Drosophila embryos may be measured in minutes. What does this suggest about the overall developmental plan of an animal body?

Gene expression in developing organisms is regulated on several different levels. In many developing animals, regulation of gene expression is influenced by the action of Hox genes. Which of the following regulatory elements are produced by many Hox genes?

What is common to gap genes, segment- polarity genes, and homeotic genes?

Which of the following is not an example of the process of apoptosis during organ and tissue development?

During development, what a cell differentiates into depends in part on its location along three body axes. Which axis runs towards the organism's belly?