Exam 8: Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence

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The main approaches that seek to account...

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A) have a good idea about who will support them in a conflict.
B) enlist aid from the most dominant male in the group.
C) follow basic social rules, including supporting subordinates against dominants.
D) recruit allies who are close to their opponents.

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A) natural selection.
B) associative learning.
C) imitation.
D) deception.

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A) tool use.
B) the amount of activity pattern.
C) the extent of leaves in the diet.
D) group size.

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Students can draw upon any two of the fo...

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Students can choose any of the following...

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A) In larger groups, competition for food, mates, grooming partners, and other valuable resources selects for intelligence.
B) In many primates, formation of social bonds used in coalitions, exchange networks, and access to resources selects for intelligence.
C) The stresses of keeping track of social relationships in large groups select for intelligence in monkeys that live in large groups.
D) The great apes are the most intelligent, have the largest brains, and live in the largest and most complex social groups.

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A) Natural selection does this; most mammals will eventually evolve the ability to have multiple offspring per litter.
B) The number of offspring per litter has no effect on reproductive success because in most cases only one survives anyway.
C) Reproducing involves a number of trade-offs, including quantity (number) versus quality of offspring. Larger litters mean lower-quality individual offspring.
D) It is not possible to change the number of offspring per litter in mammals; all mammals have about the same number of offspring.

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A) because genes eventually mutate and grow old, so the elderly must perish to increase group fitness
B) because natural selection favors young alleles for reproduction
C) because individual fitness is determined early in life
D) because genes that enhance early fertility at the cost of a shortened life span increase individual fitness

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A) It fits the social intelligence hypothesis very well.
B) It includes tool use and foraging on foods that are difficult to process.
C) It requires living in large groups.
D) It is more socially complex than monkeys.

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A) allocate investment to many offspring.
B) use complex behavior to acquire or access hard-to-find or extracted food.
C) enter into reciprocal relationships with conspecifics.
D) understand how dominance influences access to food.

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A) long
B) slow
C) intermediate
D) fast

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A) deception during aggressive episodes to deflect an aggressor toward another individual.
B) turning received aggression back onto an aggressor.
C) responding to a threat by attacking a lower-ranking individual who was not involved in the original incident.
D) converting aggressive acts into socially beneficial acts using a sense of humor or irony.

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A) Males support each other against females.
B) Dominants are supported against subordinates.
C) Individuals intervene only when the ally outwits both individuals.
D) Individuals support members of the same matriline.

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