A) Rosario: "Schemas are typically counterproductive, causing more errors than correct responses."
B) Dean: "Schemas help us anticipate what will happen in a situation."
C) Angelique: "Schemas refer to the order in which events occur, whereas scripts refer to the general characteristics of a situation."
D) Edgar: "Schemas are especially well developed for nonprototypical items."
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A) the most typical items.
B) less typical items as well as highly typical items.
C) family resemblance.
D) the pattern of connections between the members of a category.
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A) Schemas can only operate in the initial selection of material to encode; they do not affect the integration process.
B) Schemas are so powerful that we never remember information that is inconsistent with our schemas.
C) Schemas are particularly influential in the remembering of visual scenes.
D) We store all memories in abstract fashion, losing the details of the exact words of the original presentation.
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A) prototype.
B) superordinate-level category.
C) basic-level category.
D) subordinate-level category.
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A) we cannot remember information unless it has been recently processed.
B) the longer something remains in memory, the more likely it is to be forgotten.
C) neuron-like units are connected with each other by a system of networks.
D) material that we acquired intentionally will be retained better than material acquired by incidental learning.
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A) Both of them describe a sequence of events that occur in a predictable order.
B) Both refer to situations where we can fill in missing information, either visual information or verbal information.
C) In both cases, we tend to recall schema-inconsistent information more accurately than schema-consistent information.
D) In both cases, the exemplar approach to semantic memory is more useful than the prototype approach to semantic memory.
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A) The pragmatic approach
B) A script
C) An implicit-memory task
D) Boundary extension
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A) Wei-Hang: "Semantic memory allows us to link each concept with an example from episodic memory."
B) Andy: "Semantic memory refers to our organized knowledge about the world."
C) Alexia: "Semantic memory forces us to notice-and exaggerate-the precise details that make one concept different from another."
D) Yelena: "Semantic memory forces us to take each schema that is stored and convert it into a script-like form."
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A) to show spreading activation to schema-inconsistent material.
B) to emphasize prototypical information.
C) to prefer scripts to schemas.
D) to recall the schema-inconsistent material.
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A) we can figure out missing information about someone or something, based on information about similar people or things.
B) the item in the neural network that receives the greatest amount of stimulation receives the default assignment.
C) when our information about something is defective or faulty, we seldom experience an activated network.
D) we can use attributes (such as an object's shape) to locate material in memory.
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A) the observation that we frequently make spontaneous generalizations.
B) the structure of our knowledge during the tip-of-the-tongue effect.
C) the arrangement of words in a specific category, from most prototypical to least prototypical.
D) the fact that the terms "concept" and "category" are related but somewhat different from each other.
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A) Stacy: "We use family-resemblance names in order to identify objects."
B) Midori: "Members of superordinate-level concepts are especially likely to produce the priming effect."
C) Scott: "Brain imaging research shows that the prefrontal cortex is activated when people judge superordinate terms; it is less active with basic-level terms."
D) Rasa: "Experts and novices both use basic-level terms more than subordinate-level terms."
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A) Daniel: "Each time the eyewitness retells the story, the boundary becomes increasingly well defined."
B) Nora: "In reality monitoring, eyewitnesses have difficulty establishing the boundary between events that actually happened and events that they simply imagined."
C) Dora María: "A lawyer can carefully manipulate the questions, so that eyewitnesses remember the inferences, rather than events that actually happened."
D) Augusto: "Eyewitnesses may believe that they saw a person's entire face, when part of the face was actually blocked from view."
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A) the basic level is more likely than other levels to show family resemblance.
B) basic-level names are used more often and they are more informative than the superordinate-level names.
C) the basic level is the most general label that can be supplied.
D) basic-level names are prototypes, whereas superordinate- and subordinate-level names are not.
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A) Tariq: "The prototype approach works well for concepts that are nouns, whereas the exemplar approach works well for concepts that are verbs, especially verbs that show action."
B) Clifford: "The prototype approach says that concepts are associated with one best example of a category; the exemplar approach says that concepts are associated with many specific examples of a category."
C) Ekaterina: "At first, researchers emphasized that these two approaches would be very different from each other; now researchers say that they are identical, when focusing on everyday objects and organisms."
D) Lynne: "The prototype approach emphasizes items that exist in real life; the exemplar approach emphasizes geometric figures that don't exist in real life.
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A) memory is similar; for instance, if the short-term store is not working, an item will not be recalled.
B) memory is similar; for instance, a defect in one component spreads to other components.
C) memory is different; for instance, the functioning parts help to heal the defective part.
D) memory is different; for instance, memory can often operate, even if some of the input is inappropriate.
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A) declarative memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) semantic memory.
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A) In spontaneous generalization, we make a more conscious effort to draw inferences.
B) In spontaneous generalization, we can only account for conditioning (e.g., classical conditioning) , whereas default assignment is a more sophisticated process.
C) Spontaneous generalization takes place in long-term memory; default assignment takes place in working memory.
D) In spontaneous generalization, we draw a conclusion about an entire category; in default assignment, we draw a conclusion about one member of a category.
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A) in a family resemblance category, there must be at least one attribute that is shared by all examples of that concept.
B) a prototype is equivalent to a family resemblance category.
C) in a family resemblance category, each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept.
D) family resemblance categories are artificial, and they are found more often in the laboratory than in real life.
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A) The prototype approach
B) The schema approach
C) The parallel distributed processing approach
D) The exemplar approach
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