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Exam 14: Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

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Question 1

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What does it mean that a sample is WEIRD? (In other words, what does WEIRD stand for?) Why can WEIRD samples be problematic for research?

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The acronym WEIRD stands for/means sampl...

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Question 2

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A conceptual replication study, which supported a previous United States-based study on the association between self-associations and social behaviors, was just published.This study used a different method to assess social behavior and randomly sampled 50 people from the population in Canada, where the study was conducted.How might a cultural psychologist respond to the new article about this study?

A) With enthusiasm, since replication studies are rare
B) With skepticism, because this theory may not apply to more culturally diverse populations
C) With skepticism, since this study used a small sample size
D) With enthusiasm, because of the inclusion of one culturally diverse sample

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Question 3

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Which of the following is true of experimental realism?

Which of the following MUST be done before meta-analyses can occur?

Which of the following is another term for ecological validity?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.4: Dr.Tropez conducts a study examining the relationship between exposure to religion in popular media and religiosity (defined as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods").In his study, he randomly samples a group of 113 participants from his local community college.He generates a list of movies with religious themes (Year One, Dogma, Passion of the Christ) and asks participants to indicate how many they have seen.He then measures religiosity by asking participants how many times they have attended a house of worship (e.g., church, temple, synagogue, mosque) in the past year.He finds that having seen a higher number of religious-themed films is positively correlated with religious attendance. What are the two aspects of external validity? Pose a question for each aspect of external validity as it relates to Dr.Tropez's study.

RESEARCH STUDY 14.1: Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks.In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct the exact same study again to ensure that he can find the same difference between the groups a second time.This study is known as a:

In a previous correlational study, Dr.Lafayette has found that owning dogs is associated with lower levels of daily stress in a sample of returning war veterans.Which of the following would constitute a shift from theory-testing mode to generalization mode?

Explain why using WEIRD samples tends not to be a problem for researchers operating in the theory-testing mode and why cultural psychologists question this practice.

RESEARCH STUDY 14.3: Dr.Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether people eat more when they are exposed to pictures of food than when they are not exposed to pictures of food.She goes to a fast-food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast-food restaurant that does not have pictures on its menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant) . She finds that the restaurant with pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures. Dr. Grayson decides to conduct her study again, but in the new study, she studies people at a sit-down restaurant, and she manipulates whether the menu they use at the table has pictures or not. This is known as which of the following?

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses?

A researcher in theory-testing mode focuses on validity, while a researcher in generalization mode focuses on validity.

What does it mean when a study cannot be replicated by an independent researcher?

Another word for replicable is:

Which of the following can direct replication studies change?

Explain how a study can be important but lack a diverse, random sample and a real-world setting.What type of study is likely to have neither of these?

Preregistration occurs at which point in the scientific process?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.2: Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Which of the following is NOT a step Cindy will do in conducting her meta-analysis?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.1: Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks.In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct a conceptual replication.Which of the following could be in the study to make it this type of replication?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.4: Dr.Tropez conducts a study examining the relationship between exposure to religion in popular media and religiosity (defined as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods").In his study, he randomly samples a group of 113 participants from his local community college.He generates a list of movies with religious themes (Year One, Dogma, Passion of the Christ) and asks participants to indicate how many they have seen.He then measures religiosity by asking participants how many times they have attended a house of worship (e.g., church, temple, synagogue, mosque) in the past year.He finds that having seen a higher number of religious-themed films is positively correlated with religious attendance. A colleague criticizes Dr.Tropez for using a WEIRD sample.Explain what this means and why it is a problem.