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Exam 14: Replicability, Generalization, and the Real World

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Question 21

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Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted in generalization mode?

A) Examining whether dog ownership decreases stress levels
B) Exploring the relationship between weight and number of fast-food restaurants in one's neighborhood
C) Determining how frequently people report fighting with their bosses
D) Investigating whether there is a causal link between receiving cognitive therapy and increased coping skills

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Question 22

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Why do studies conducted in theory-testing mode de-emphasize ecological validity?

A) Ecological validity is never important.
B) Internal validity is the highest priority for theory testing.
C) Testing a theory never requires realism.
D) Theories do not need to explain the behavior of everyone.

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Question 23

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Which of the following claims is always researched in generalization mode?

Which of the following is true of cultural psychology?

What is experimental realism? What does this mean for studies conducted in artificial settings (e.g., a laboratory) and studies conducted in field settings?

When generalizing the results of a sample to a population, which of the following is the most important question to ask?

In open science, open data are more concerned with , while open materials are more interested in .

Which types of claims are always made in generalization mode? Why is this the case?

Name the subdiscipline of psychology that works exclusively in generalization mode, and explain why it works exclusively in this mode.

RESEARCH STUDY 14.4: Dr.Tropez conducts a study examining the relationship between exposure to religion in popular media and religiosity (defined as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods").In his study, he randomly samples a group of 113 participants from his local community college.He generates a list of movies with religious themes (Year One, Dogma, Passion of the Christ) and asks participants to indicate how many they have seen.He then measures religiosity by asking participants how many times they have attended a house of worship (e.g., church, temple, synagogue, mosque) in the past year.He finds that having seen a higher number of religious-themed films is positively correlated with religious attendance. Provide an example of each of the following for Dr.Tropez's original study: a direct replication, a conceptual replication, and a replication with extension.

According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.2: Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researchers in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects.Doing this will address which of the following?

In a conceptual replication, the are the same, but the is/are different from the original study.

Which of the following is true of theory-testing mode?

In a conceptual replication, which of the following is allowed to be dissimilar from the original study?

Which of the following types of replications investigate the same research question but use different procedures?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.3: Dr.Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether people eat more when they are exposed to pictures of food than when they are not exposed to pictures of food.She goes to a fast-food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast-food restaurant that does not have pictures on its menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant) . She finds that the restaurant with pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures. Because Dr. Grayson conducted her study in a field setting, which of the following is an advantage of her study?

Who determines the population to which a study's findings generalize?

Psychologists use which of the following strategies to determine a study's replicability?

RESEARCH STUDY 14.1: Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks.In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct a variation of the original study in which he measures participants' ability to solve verbal analogies as the cognitive task instead of measuring their ability to solve math problems.He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more verbal analogies than those who drink water beforehand, suggesting caffeine consumption causes improved cognitive performance.This study is known as a: