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Exam 4: Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

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Question 21

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A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W, shown here. From what type of individual is this cell?

A) male
B) female
C) hermaphrodite
D) monoecious
E) intersex

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Question 22

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Marsupials, like cats, achieve dosage compensation by X inactivation. You are working in a lab that has discovered a mutation on the X chromosome in marsupials in the same gene that causes the tortoiseshell fur color phenotype in cats. You cross an X⁺Y black-furred male with an XOXO orange-furred female. You expect that the X⁺XO female progeny will have tortoiseshell fur (like cats). Surprisingly, you find that all the females (n = 25) have solid orange fur. Offer a hypothesis to explain these results and describe a genetic test to support your hypothesis.

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One possible hypothesis to explain these...

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Question 23

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A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the XX-XO sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and one X chromosome, shown here. From what type of individual is this cell?

Compare and contrast the patterns of inheritance expected for Y-linked and X-linked recessive inheritance in humans.

A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W, shown here. A diploid cell from this individual begins to go through meiosis. After the completion of meiosis I, it becomes two cells. One of these two cells now undergoes meiosis II. Which of the following is a possible normal combination of chromosomes in one of the subsequent two cells after the completion of meiosis II?

You are trying to develop a new species of newt as an experimental model system. You know that in other species of newt, green (G) is dominant to brown (g) skin color and is determined by a sex-linked gene. You cross brown males to green females and see that in the F₁ all the males are green and all the females are brown. Which is the heterogametic sex in your species of newt?

Women with Turner syndrome (XO) and normal women (XX) are clearly different phenotypically. In addition, the vast majority of XO conceptions abort before birth. However, both XO and XX women have one active X chromosome since the X in XO women remains active and one might expect that they would therefore have similar phenotypes. What is the MOST reasonable explanation for their different phenotypes?

List five different sex determination systems and a representative organism for each.

A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W, shown here. What is the probability of a gamete from this individual that has the following genotype: alleles A and b, chromosome Z?

You cross a female rat with pink toe pads (T) and pointy ears (X^e) to a male rat with black toe pads (t) and round ears (X^E). The t and e alleles are both recessive, and the ear-shaped gene is X linked, whereas the toe pad color gene is autosomal. The F₁ progeny all have pink toe pads. What is the genotype of parental generation? What is the genotype of the F₁ progeny? If the F₁ are crossed to produce F₂ progeny, what proportion of the F₂ will be black-padded, pointy-eared males?

Describe the inheritance of each possible combination of your answer to question 61, including the parent and meiotic stage in which an unusual event occurred.

A woman is phenotypically normal but her father had the sex-linked recessive condition of red-green color blindness. If she marries a man with normal vision, what is the probability that their two children will both have normal vision?

What is the role of the SRY gene in humans?

In a germ-line cell from a human male that is dividing, when do the X and Y chromosomes segregate?

Predict the sexual phenotype of a person who is XY but whose Y chromosome carries a deletion of the SRY gene. Explain your prediction.

What level of male hormones would you expect to find in a person with androgen-insensitivity syndrome?

Some organisms have multiple X and Y chromosomes and even different numbers of X and Y chromosomes. You have discovered such a species. Females have 8 X chromosomes, whereas males have 4 X and 2 Y. Describe the X and Y constitution of the gametes produced by this species-both male and female-that allows these chromosome numbers to be stably maintained.

How is dosage compensation accomplished in Drosophila?

Which of the following chromosome constitutions would never lead to a viable human baby being born?

In species of birds, males are the homogametic sex and females the heterogametic sex. Which of the following statements is TRUE in this system of sex determination?