Exam 15: The Genetic Code and Translation

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To determine which amino acids are encod...

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A) The result would be no change in the protein, since deletions are very rare.
B) A reading frameshift would occur. All codons (and thus amino acids) downstream of the codon in which the deletion occurred would be different, including the stop signal.
C) Some codons might be altered since there are changes in the bases of the DNA, but the stop codon would remain the same and the protein would still be made.
D) Since exons are not coding regions, no changes in the protein would occur.
E) No change in the reading frame would occur due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

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A) tRNA and mRNA.
B) tRNA and miRNA.
C) tRNA and rRNA.
D) rRNA and siRNA.
E) snRNA and snoRNA.

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A) The nucleotides in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA pair with their complementary nucleotides in the 16S rRNA.
B) A ribosome with a growing peptide attached to a tRNA in the P site accepts a charged tRNA with the next amino acid into the A site. The charged tRNA enters as a complex with EF-Tu and GTP.
C) If the anticodon of the charged tRNA matches the codon, GTP is cleaved and EF-Tu exits and is regenerated to EF-Tu-GTP by EF-Ts.
D) A peptide bond is formed by the peptidyl transferase activity of the large subunit rRNA. The polypeptide chain on the tRNA in the P site is transferred to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site.
E) The ribosome translocates toward the 3' end of the mRNA with the aid of EF-G and GTP hydrolysis. The empty tRNA that was in the P site moves to the E site and exits. The tRNA with the polypeptide that was in the A site moves to the P site.

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A) amino acid 2 and amino acid 3
B) amino acid 2 and amino acid 4
C) amino acid 1 and amino acid 3
D) amino acid 1 and amino acid 2
E) amino acid 3 and amino acid 4

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The DNA sequence provided is: 5'ATGGGAGC...

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The key technical deficiency that preven...

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A) 5'base
B) middle base
C) 3' base

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The genetic code is a set of rules by wh...

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A two nucleotide-deletion mutation in the middle of the first exon of a protein-coding gene would likely have significant consequences for the resulting protein. Exons are the coding regions of a gene, and any mutation within these regions can directly impact the structure and function of the protein that is produced. In this case, a two nucleotide-deletion mutation would cause a frameshift mutation, where the reading frame of the gene is shifted, leading to a completely different amino acid sequence downstream of the mutation. This can result in a non-functional or significantly altered protein. The consequences of this mutation could include the production of a truncated protein, a protein with altered function, or the complete loss of protein production. Depending on the specific gene and protein involved, this could lead to a variety of potential outcomes, including genetic disorders, developmental abnormalities, or an increased risk of certain diseases. Overall, a two nucleotide-deletion mutation in the middle of the first exon of a protein-coding gene would likely have detrimental effects on the function of the gene and the resulting protein, with potential implications for the health and development of an organism.

A) All proteins are made up of some combination of 20 essential amino acids.
B) Like nucleic acids, polypeptides have polarity.
C) A single polypeptide has primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.
D) $\alpha$ -helix and $\beta$ -pleated sheets do not require a specific sequence of amino acids to form.
E) Some proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain.

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a. The sequence of the coding strand of ...

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The difficulty in identifying mutants th...

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A) All nascent polypeptide chains have the intrinsic ability to fold into the active conformation based on the primary structure.
B) Only eukaryotic proteins undergo alterations following translation.
C) Amino acids within a protein may be modified by molecular chaperones.
D) Signal sequence of a protein helps direct a protein to a specific location within the cell.
E) Attachment of a protein called ubiquitin directs proteins to enter into the nucleus.

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A) It charges tRNAs.
B) It acetylates the end of a protein after translation.
C) It cleaves the polypeptide from the last tRNA during termination.
D) It moves ribosomes along mRNA during translation.
E) It forms peptide bonds.

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A) gly-ala-arg-cys-ile...
B) pro-arg-ala-thr-stop
C) met-asn-glu-leu…
D) glu-leu-val-val-phe…
E) leu-glu-gln-his-asn…

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A) 5' AGU 3' and 5' AGC 3'
B) 5' UGA 3' and 5' CGA 3'
C) 5' AGC 3'
D) 5' CGA 3'
E) 5'AGU 3', 5' AGC 3', 5' AGA 3', and 5' AGG 3'

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A) The DNA sequence change occurred in a synonymous nucleotide position of an amino acid and as a result the protein sequence remained unaltered.
B) If the protein sequence was not affected, no lethal phenotype manifested.
C) The DNA sequence change resulted in an amino acid change, but that amino acid change had no negative effect on protein function (i.e., was a neutral change) .
D) The DNA sequence change occurred in a nonsynonymous nucleotide position of an amino acid and as a result the protein sequence remained unaltered.
E) All mutations that cause a change in DNA sequence result in a lethal phenotype.

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