Exam 22: The Reproductive System

A) myometrium.
B) perimetrium.
C) endometrium.
D) parametrium.
E) epimetrium.

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A) progesterone : uterine tube
B) an acidic solution : cervical canal
C) estrogen : uterine tube
D) a thin mucus : cervical canal
E) an alkaline solution : uterine tube

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D

A) growth factors for sexual differentiation
B) hormones of the gonads
C) cells of the gonads that secrete sex hormones
D) cells of the hypothalamus that secrete GnRH (gonadotropin- releasing hormone)
E) cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH

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A) diploid
B) haploid
C) sex chromosomes
D) alleles
E) autosomes

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A) the secretion of sex hormones only
B) secondary sex characteristics only
C) secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract only
D) transport of gametes only
E) both secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract and transport of gametes

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A) progesterone
B) inhibin
C) LH
D) FSH
E) estrogens

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A) progesterone
B) LH
C) estrogens
D) FSH
E) inhibin

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A) Spermatozoa can undergo cell division daily.
B) Sperm cells never die.
C) Testosterone levels remain elevated throughout adulthood.
D) Secondary spermatocytes produce an endless supply of primary spermatocytes.
E) When a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation and meiosis to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium.

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A) gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) is reduced.
B) progesterone strongly inhibits LH release.
C) the corpus luteum degenerates.
D) inhibin strongly inhibits LH release.
E) secretin release is inhibited.

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A) granulosa cell
B) follicle cell
C) Leydig cell
D) Sertoli cell
E) theca cell

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A) diploid
B) haploid
C) sex chromosomes
D) alleles
E) autosomes

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A) trophoblast secretion of endocrine hormones that initiates the decidual response.
B) trophoblast secretion of enzymes and paracrines that initiates the decidual response.
C) trophoblast secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage.
D) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage.
E) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates the decidual response.

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A) tail
B) midpiece
C) flagella
D) mitochondria
E) acrosome

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A) capacitation : activate the acrosome
B) capacitation : more readily adhere to the ovum
C) resistation : move faster
D) implantation : move faster
E) resistation : activate the acrosome

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B

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The ovarian cycle is divided into two phases: the follicular phase and the luteal phase. In the beginning of the follicular phase, about 10- 25 follicles develop. Within seven days, one of those follicles (the dominant follicle)will develop to full maturity. The remaining follicles will undergo atresia and be lost. As the follicles begin to develop, the oocyte grows in size. At the same time, the granulosa cells increase in size and number. This growth is stimulated by follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)and the estrogens secreted by the follicles. There is also a thick layer of non- cellular material forming around the oocyte called the zona pellucida. At the outer layer of the follicle, theca cells begin to develop. A fluid- filled cavity (antrum)begins to form within the granulosa cell layer. This is the point at which many of the follicles stop their development. Follicles that have not developed adequately to maintain estrogen secretion in the face of decreasing FSH undergo atresia. As follicles develop further, the antrum continues to grow, displacing some of the cellular tissue around the oocyte, leading to a protrusion from the follicular wall (corona radiata). Eventually, the first meiotic division occurs and the secondary oocyte detaches from the follicle wall and floats freely in the antral fluid. The antrum continues to grow until it forms the Graafian follicle, just prior to ovulation. The luteinizing hormone (LH)surge that induces ovulation begins the luteal phase, during which the follicle bursts and the oocyte is released. The granulosa and theca cells of the ruptured follicle are transformed into the corpus luteum that secretes the estrogen and progesterone that prepare the uterus for implantation. In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum begins to degrade after ten days, reducing plasma estrogens and progesterone concentration, thereby initiating menstruation.