Question 1

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gaps in our memory can often be filled by relying on schema-based knowledge.
B)   Schema-based knowledge often ends up regularizing our recollection of the past.
C)   Schema-based knowledge relies on remembering specific information within a memory (e.g., although shelves normally contain books, I remember that those shelves contain only boxes) .
D)   Schema-based knowledge can help guide attention and understanding, so it can help reconstruct parts of a memory that we cannot remember.

Question 2

Michael and Maria both witnessed an auto accident. Maria remembers watching the car race past a stop sign, but she hears Michael report to the police that the car raced past a yield sign. Based on the results of similar studies, Maria is likely to recall that she saw

Accepted Answer

A)   a stop sign, with her memory strengthened by the experience of hearing Michael's flawed report.
B)   a yield sign, incorporating Michael's report into her own recollection.
C)   a yield sign, but she will have low confidence in this recollection.
D)   no sign at all.

Question 3

Which of the following claims about memory accuracy is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)   Participants' confidence in their false memories is often just as great as their confidence in their accurate recollections.
B)   Children may be even more vulnerable to the "planting" of false memories than adults.
C)   When a participant's response is based on a false memory, the response is likely to be given just as quickly as it would be if based on an accurate memory.
D)   Participants are sometimes mistaken in their recollection of an event's minor details, but do not create an entirely new false memory. D

Question 4

Connections among our various memories do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   help us to resist source confusion.
B)   serve as retrieval paths.
C)   interweave our various memories, inviting intrusion errors.
D)   link related memories.

Question 5

The misinformation effect refers to the fact that false information, presented after a participant has encoded an event, can intrude into the participant's subsequent recall of the event. This "planting" of memories

Accepted Answer

A)   seems restricted to small memory errors.
B)   is only possible if done by an authority figure.
C)   seems possible for remembered actions but not remembered objects.
D)   can occur outside of the laboratory.

Question 6

Our "self-schema" is NOT likely to include

Accepted Answer

A)   knowledge of how we spend our Tuesday nights.
B)   ideas about our political beliefs when young.
C)   accurate memories about poor grades.
D)   our usual behaviors.

Question 7

Researchers were interested in how "remember" and "know" judgments are related to memory accuracy. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

A)   A feeling of "remembering" is more likely with correct memories than false memories.
B)   A feeling of "knowing" is more likely with correct memories than false memories.
C)   A "remembering" response is more likely to be false than a "knowing" response.
D)   "Knowing" responses are very rarely accurate.

Question 8

Whitney witnesses a car accident and then discusses it with Ryan, a passenger in one of the cars. Ryan wants her to misremember a few critical details. Whitney is UNLIKELY to adopt Ryan's false memories if

Accepted Answer

A)   Ryan subtly inserts the false information into a narrative.
B)   Ryan provides images that corroborate his false information.
C)   Ryan tells Whitney: "You are 100% wrong. This is what happened."
D)   Whitney is an adult and Ryan is a child.

Question 9

When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., "bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired") , participants often (mis) recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g., "sleep") . This procedure is commonly referred to as the ________ procedure.

Accepted Answer

A)   Disclusion-Recall-Memory
B)   Decreased-Remembering-Magniture
C)   Deese-Roediger-McDermott
D)   Daily-Reconstructing-Mnemonics C

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)   Generally, memory is accurate and can be trusted.
B)   Gaps in memory, such as drawing a blank, can occur.
C)   Amnesia can be cured by probing the brain with electrodes.
D)   Memory errors can be created by outside sources as well as ourselves.

Question 11

Baddeley and Hitch asked rugby players to remember all of the rugby games they had played over the course of a single season. According to their data, which is the most important factor in determining whether the players will remember a particular game?

Accepted Answer

A)   how many other games they have been in since the target game
B)   how much time has passed since the target game
C)   whether they were satisfied with their performance in the target game
D)   whether the game took place during the week or on a weekend

Question 12

Often, people forget information about traumatic events. Repression is one controversial explanation, but other, less controversial explanations also exist. Which of the following is NOT a potential explanation for memory loss during a traumatic event?

Accepted Answer

A)   sleep deprivation
B)   head injury
C)   extreme stress
D)   attentional disruption during encoding

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT name a hypothesis concerning why we forget?

Accepted Answer

A)   decay
B)   hypermnesia
C)   interference
D)   retrieval failure

Question 14

Intrusion errors in memory are errors

Accepted Answer

A)   in which other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event.
B)   due to the acquisition stage of memory being interrupted (or intruded on) .
C)   in memory due to brain damage, usually as a result of a blow to the head.
D)   in memory due to an impairment in the retrieval process.

Question 15

An expert is asked to comment on the confidence-accuracy relationship of an eyewitness's report. The expert will state that

Accepted Answer

A)   the higher the witness's confidence, the more likely it is that the memory is accurate.
B)   the lower the witness's confidence, the more likely it is that the memory is accurate.
C)   extremely high confidence is a good indicator of an accurate memory, but more moderate levels of confidence are uninformative.
D)   confidence levels are a poor indicator of the accuracy of recall.

Question 16

Some researchers have suggested that highly painful memories can be repressed. This theory

Accepted Answer

A)   is widely considered by most researchers to be correct.
B)   is known to be correct due to much undisputed evidence.
C)   is controversial and the evidence is ambiguous at best.
D)   has been disproven and is no longer considered valid by any researcher.

Question 17

Dmitri witnessed a bank robbery but now seems unable to remember what he saw. To improve Dmitri's recall, a friend hypnotizes him and asks him, while he is hypnotized, to recall the crime. Research indicates that if questioned while under hypnosis Dmitri will

Accepted Answer

A)   give a more elaborate account (but not more accurate)  of the crime than he has on other occasions.
B)   give a more accurate (but not more complete)  account of the crime than he has on other occasions.
C)   be less vulnerable to the effect of leading questions.
D)   suffer from less retrieval failure. A

Question 18

An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections

Accepted Answer

A)   are crucial for recognition but are less important for recall.
B)   can improve our memory accuracy.
C)   make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors.
D)   play a role in implicit memory but not in generic memory.

Question 19

What are the necessary circumstances to produce false memories in research participants?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is not possible to produce completely false memories in participants under any circumstances.
B)   It would require trauma too severe to be ethically allowable.
C)   It would require highly suggestible participants and repeated leading questions.
D)   It would require a few brief interviews.

Question 20

Which of the following is a potential problem for memory retrieval in relation to memory connections?

Accepted Answer

A)   If a memory is connected to too many other memories, it can become overused, so it "shuts down" and is forgotten.
B)   Establishing a memory connection can often be a lengthy and costly procedure, so memory connections are rare.
C)   If two memories become linked, bits of information from one memory can be remembered as part of a different memory.
D)   Memory connections can be established only for traumatic memories.

Exam 8: Remembering Complex Events

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Michael and Maria both witnessed an auto accident. Maria remembers watching the car race past a stop sign, but she hears Michael report to the police that the car raced past a yield sign. Based on the results of similar studies, Maria is likely to recall that she saw

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following claims about memory accuracy is FALSE?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Connections among our various memories do all of the following EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The misinformation effect refers to the fact that false information, presented after a participant has encoded an event, can intrude into the participant's subsequent recall of the event. This "planting" of memories

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Our "self-schema" is NOT likely to include

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers were interested in how "remember" and "know" judgments are related to memory accuracy. What did they find?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Whitney witnesses a car accident and then discusses it with Ryan, a passenger in one of the cars. Ryan wants her to misremember a few critical details. Whitney is UNLIKELY to adopt Ryan's false memories if

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., "bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired") , participants often (mis) recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g., "sleep") . This procedure is commonly referred to as the ________ procedure.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Which of the following is NOT true of memory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Baddeley and Hitch asked rugby players to remember all of the rugby games they had played over the course of a single season. According to their data, which is the most important factor in determining whether the players will remember a particular game?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Often, people forget information about traumatic events. Repression is one controversial explanation, but other, less controversial explanations also exist. Which of the following is NOT a potential explanation for memory loss during a traumatic event?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following does NOT name a hypothesis concerning why we forget?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Intrusion errors in memory are errors

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An expert is asked to comment on the confidence-accuracy relationship of an eyewitness's report. The expert will state that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some researchers have suggested that highly painful memories can be repressed. This theory

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dmitri witnessed a bank robbery but now seems unable to remember what he saw. To improve Dmitri's recall, a friend hypnotizes him and asks him, while he is hypnotized, to recall the crime. Research indicates that if questioned while under hypnosis Dmitri will

Correct AnswerverifiedA

An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the necessary circumstances to produce false memories in research participants?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a potential problem for memory retrieval in relation to memory connections?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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