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The firm's business risk is largely determined by the financial characteristics of its industry.

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Financial leverage affects both EPS and EBIT, while operating leverage only affects EBIT.

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Firm A has a higher degree of business risk than Firm B. Firm A can offset this by using less financial leverage. Therefore, the variability of both firms' expected EBITs could actually be identical.

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The trade-off theory tells us that the capital structure decision involves a tradeoff between the costs of debt financing and the benefits of debt financing.

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Which of the following statements is most correct?


A) A firm can use retained earnings without paying a flotation cost. Therefore, while the cost of retained earnings is not zero, the cost of retained earnings is generally lower than the after-tax cost of debt financing.
B) The capital structure that minimizes the firm's cost of capital is also the capital structure that maximizes the firm's stock price.
C) The capital structure that minimizes the firm's cost of capital is also the capital structure that maximizes the firm's earnings per share.
D) If a firm finds that the cost of debt financing is currently less than the cost of equity financing, an increase in its debt ratio will always reduce its cost of capital.
E) Statements a and b are correct.

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Company A and Company B have the same total assets, operating income (EBIT) , tax rate, and business risk. Company A, however, has a much higher debt ratio than Company B. Company A's basic earning power (BEP) exceeds its cost of debt financing (rd) . Which of the following statements is most correct?


A) Company A has a higher return on assets (ROA) than Company B.
B) Company A has a higher times interest earned (TIE) ratio than Company B.
C) Company A has a higher return on equity (ROE) than Company B, and its risk, as measured by the standard deviation of ROE, is also higher than Company B's.
D) Statements b and c are correct.
E) All of the statements above are correct.

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Two firms could have identical financial and operating leverage, yet have different degrees of risk as measured by the variability of EPS.

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The graphical probability distribution of net income, when financial leverage is used, would tend to be more peaked than a distribution where no leverage is present, other things held constant.

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What is AJC's current total market value and weighted average cost of capital?


A) $600,000; 7.5%
B) $600,000; 8.0%
C) $800,000; 7.0%
D) $800,000; 7.5%
E) $800,000; 8.0%

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