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The two cardinal rules that financial analysts should follow to avoid capital budgeting errors are: (1) in the NPV equation, the numerator should use income calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and (2) all incremental cash flows should be considered when making accept/reject decisions.

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Aggarwal Enterprises is considering a new project that has a cost of $1,000,000, and the CFO set up the following simple decision tree to show its three most likely scenarios. The firm could arrange with its work force and suppliers to cease operations at the end of Year 1 should it choose to do so, but to obtain this abandonment option, it would have to make a payment to those parties. How much is the option to abandon worth to the firm?


A) $55.08
B) $57.98
C) $61.03
D) $64.08
E) $67.29

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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) An example of a sunk cost is the cost associated with restoring the site of a strip mine once the ore has been depleted.
B) Sunk costs must be considered if the IRR method is used but not if the firm relies on the NPV method.
C) A good example of a sunk cost is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office leads to a decline in deposits of the bank's other offices.
D) A good example of a sunk cost is money that a banking corporation spent last year to investigate the site for a new office, then expensed that cost for tax purposes, and now is deciding whether to go forward with the project.
E) If sunk costs are considered and reflected in a project's cash flows, then the project's calculated NPV will be higher than it otherwise would be.

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Temple Corp. is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The equipment that would be used has a 3-year tax life, would be depreciated by the straight-line method over its 3-year life, and would have a zero salvage value. No new working capital would be required. Revenues and other operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV?


A) $15,740
B) $16,569
C) $17,441
D) $18,359
E) $19,325

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Sub-Prime Loan Company is thinking of opening a new office, and the key data are shown below. The company owns the building that would be used, and it could sell it for $100,000 after taxes if it decides not to open the new office. The equipment for the project would be depreciated by the straight-line method over the project's 3-year life, after which it would be worth nothing and thus it would have a zero salvage value. No new working capital would be required, and revenues and other operating costs would be constant over the project's 3-year life. What is the project's NPV? (Hint: Cash flows are constant in Years 1-3.)


A) $10,521
B) $11,075
C) $11,658
D) $12,271
E) $12,885

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Rowell Company spent $3 million two years ago to build a plant for a new product. It then decided not to go forward with the project, so the building is available for sale or for a new product. Rowell owns the building free and clear--there is no mortgage on it. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) Since the building has been paid for, it can be used by another project with no additional cost. Therefore, it should not be reflected in the cash flows for any new project.
B) If the building could be sold, then the after-tax proceeds that would be generated by any such sale should be charged as a cost to any new project that would use it.
C) This is an example of an externality, because the very existence of the building affects the cash flows for any new project that Rowell might consider.
D) Since the building was built in the past, its cost is a sunk cost and thus need not be considered when new projects are being evaluated, even if it would be used by those new projects.
E) If there is a mortgage loan on the building, then the interest on that loan would have to be charged to any new project that used the building.

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A company is considering a proposed new plant that would increase productive capacity. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) In calculating the project's operating cash flows, the firm should not deduct financing costs such as interest expense, because financing costs are accounted for by discounting at the WACC. If interest were deducted when estimating cash flows, this would, in effect, "double count" it.
B) Since depreciation is a non-cash expense, the firm does not need to deal with depreciation when calculating the operating cash flows.
C) When estimating the project's operating cash flows, it is important to include both opportunity costs and sunk costs, but the firm should ignore the cash flow effects of externalities since they are accounted for in the discounting process.
D) Capital budgeting decisions should be based on before-tax cash flows.
E) The WACC used to discount cash flows in a capital budgeting analysis should be calculated on a before-tax basis.

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Accelerated depreciation has an advantage for profitable firms in that it moves some cash flows forward, thus increasing their present value. On the other hand, using accelerated depreciation generally lowers the reported current year's profits because of the higher depreciation expenses. However, the reported profits problem can be solved by using different depreciation methods for tax and stockholder reporting purposes.

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Florida Car Wash is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The equipment to be used has a 3-year tax life, would be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the project's 3-year life, and would have a zero salvage value after Year 3. No new working capital would be required. Revenues and other operating costs will be constant over the project's life, and this is just one of the firm's many projects, so any losses on it can be used to offset profits in other units. If the number of cars washed declined by 40% from the expected level, by how much would the project's NPV decline? (Hint: Note that cash flows are constant at the Year 1 level, whatever that level is.)


A) $28,939
B) $30,462
C) $32,066
D) $33,753
E) $35,530

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If a firm's projects differ in risk, then one way of handling this problem is to evaluate each project with the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate.

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The primary advantage to using accelerated rather than straight-line depreciation is that with accelerated depreciation the present value of the tax savings provided by depreciation will be higher, other things held constant.

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The change in net working capital associated with new projects is always positive, because new projects mean that more working capital will be required. This situation is especially true for replacement projects.

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Suppose Walker Publishing Company is considering bringing out a new finance text whose projected revenues include some revenues that will be taken away from another of Walker's books. The lost sales on the older book are a sunk cost and as such should not be considered in the analysis for the new book.

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Which of the following is NOT a relevant cash flow and thus should not be reflected in the analysis of a capital budgeting project?


A) Changes in net working capital.
B) Shipping and installation costs.
C) Cannibalization effects.
D) Opportunity costs.
E) Sunk costs that have been expensed for tax purposes.

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Taussig Technologies is considering two potential projects, X and Y. In assessing the projects' risks, the company estimated the beta of each project versus both the company's other assets and the stock market, and it also conducted thorough scenario and simulation analyses. This research produced the following data:Correlation of the project cash flows with cash flows from currently existing projects. Cash flows are not correlated with the cash flows from existing projects. Cash flows are highly correlated with the cash flows from existing projects. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) Project X has more stand-alone risk than Project Y.
B) Project X has more corporate (or within-firm) risk than Project Y.
C) Project X has more market risk than Project Y.
D) Project X has the same level of corporate risk as Project Y.
E) Project X has less market risk than Project Y.

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In cash flow estimation, the existence of externalities should be taken into account if those externalities have any effects on the firm's long-run cash flows.

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The relative risk of a proposed project is best accounted for by which of the following procedures?


A) Adjusting the discount rate upward if the project is judged to have above-average risk.
B) Adjusting the discount rate downward if the project is judged to have above-average risk.
C) Reducing the NPV by 10% for risky projects.
D) Picking a risk factor equal to the average discount rate.
E) Ignoring risk because project risk cannot be measured accurately.

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Your company, CSUS Inc., is considering a new project whose data are shown below. The required equipment has a 3-year tax life, and the accelerated rates for such property are 33%, 45%, 15%, and 7% for Years 1 through 4. Revenues and other operating costs are expected to be constant over the project's 10-year expected operating life. What is the project's Year 4 cash flow?


A) $11,814
B) $12,436
C) $13,090
D) $13,745
E) $14,432

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Typically, a project will have a higher NPV if the firm uses accelerated rather than straight-line depreciation. This is because the total cash flows over the project's life will be higher if accelerated depreciation is used, other things held constant.

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Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product?


A) A firm has a parcel of land that can be used for a new plant site or be sold, rented, or used for agricultural purposes.
B) A new product will generate new sales, but some of those new sales will be from customers who switch from one of the firm's current products.
C) A firm must obtain new equipment for the project, and $1 million is required for shipping and installing the new machinery.
D) A firm has spent $2 million on R&D associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected.
E) A firm can produce a new product, and the existence of that product will stimulate sales of some of the firm's other products.

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