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Explain how the theory that the stimuli in a behavior chain are conditioned reinforcers for the preceding responses and SDs for the subsequent responses is an oversimplification.

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It's an oversimplification because, in a...

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What is an adventitious chain?

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An adventitious chain is a chain that has subcomponents that are functional in producing the reinforcer, and at least one component (called a superstitious component)that is not functional in producing the reinforcer.

Briefly describe the chaining procedure used to teach Steve to perform a consistent preputt routine.

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First, Steve's pre-putt routine was divided into 7 sequential steps.Second, over a series of 10 trials, Steve was required to perform each of the 7 steps in the appropriate sequence.Third, on each trial, a friend of his checked off the steps as they were performed, and prompted him to perform any missing steps before continuing.Fourth, a friend of Steve's prompted him to perform each step of the pre-putt routine on every putt during a practice round of golf.Finally, during tournament rounds, his caddy frequently reminded him to follow his pre-putt routine.

Suppose that you want to teach someone to change a tire on a car.Would you use shaping or chaining? Justify your choice.

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Changing a tire involves performing an a...

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Briefly describe the total-task presentation chaining method.

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Total task presentation: the client is r...

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Give an example of an adventitious chain that is not from this chapter. Clearly identify the superstitious component.

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For example, a pitcher in baseball might...

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In a chain, a given stimulus is both an SD and a conditioned reinforcer.How can this be? Explain with an example.

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Consider the chain for teaching a person with developmental disabilities to put on a pair of slacks .After doing up the snap in Step 6, the last step was to do up the zipper, which was followed by a reinforcer.Therefore, the "snap done up" became an SD for "doing up the zipper" (i.e., "snap done up" was a cue in the presence of which "doing up the zipper" would be reinforced).Also, across a number of trials, "snap done up" was paired with receiving a reinforcer and would become a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response of "doing up the snap." In other words, "snap done up" was the stimulus, which when presented after a response (doing up the snap), served to strengthen that response, and "snap done up" had that effect because of appropriate pairings with the reinforcer at the end of the chain.Thus, "snap done up" was both an SD and a conditioned reinforcer.Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Distinguish among the types of target behavior typically established by shaping, fading, and chaining.

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In fading, the target behavior is some n...

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Briefly describe three strategies to help individuals use prompts independently to guide the mastery of a chain of behaviors.

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(a)Prepare a written task analysis of th...

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Briefly describe the forward-chaining method.

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Forward chaining: the initial step of a ...

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Which of the major chaining methods do the authors recommend for teaching persons with developmental disabilities, and for what four reasons?

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The authors recommend that the total tas...

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Why do you suppose a behavior chain is called a chain?

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Because it is a sequence of re...

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Give an example of a behavior sequence (that is not in this chapter)that is not a chain, and explain why it is not one.

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A sequence that would not be a chain wou...

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Give an example of an Unaware-Misapplication Pitfall of chaining other than an adventitious chain. Explain how this pitfall could be avoided.

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For example, a behavioral chain manifest...

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Describe or define behavior chain, and give an example other than those in this chapter.

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A sequence of SDs and Rs, in which each ...

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Briefly describe the backward-chaining method.

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Backward chaining: the last step is esta...

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Distinguish between a behavior sequence that is a chain and one that is not a chain.

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A behavior chain is a consistent series ...

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What is meant by the term task analysis? Describe a plausible task analysis appropriate for teaching a 3-year-old child the chain of tying a knot in a shoelace.

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Task analysis refers to the process of b...

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Describe how each of the three major chaining methods could be used to teach bed making.

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First, bed-making would be task analyzed...

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