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How does federalism create wealth disparities between the states, and why is that a disadvantage of federalism?

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What is the significance of the Supreme Court's decision on Martin v. Hunter's Lessee?


A) The Court's decision reinforced the application of the supremacy clause.
B) The decision effectively invalidated the necessary and proper clause.
C) The Court's decision devolved much of Congress' power to the states.
D) The decision ended the oversight of Congress over the states.

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What is a confederation?


A) an army that is formed and led by the national government
B) a group of people who want to overthrow the government
C) a league of multiple states that unite to achieve shared goals
D) an organization of nations that aim to facilitate foreign policy

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How does federalism protect liberty from within the federal government?


A) through the separation of responsibilities into three branches of government
B) by allowing the people to directly select the president every four years
C) through the implementation of policies like term limits and campaign finance laws
D) by giving Congress full authority to investigate and impeach presidents

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Suppose a state has adopted a minimum wage requirement of $18 per hour with the goal of improving the lives of those working low-skilled jobs. After a few years of this minimum wage increase, the state is experiencing higher rates of unemployment, especially among low-skilled labor. The state evaluates its options and decides to repeal the minimum wage law and lower the minimum wage to $11.50, which they feel will help fix unemployment and give them time to seek other options. What is this law an example of?


A) an effective use of the laboratory of democracy
B) strengthening liberty of individuals
C) inaction and a lack of accountability
D) relying on the judicial system to resolve problems

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What is one advantage of the system of federalism?


A) It ensures equality among Americans.
B) It fosters diversity.
C) It discourages engagement in war.
D) It gives the most power to individuals.

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B

The provision of the Constitution stating that the laws made by Congress take precedent over any state law is known as the ______.


A) elastic clause
B) establishment clause
C) expression clause
D) supremacy clause

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Suppose a Supreme Court justice has just been appointed by the president, and during the senatorial hearing, the judge states that he fully believes that the states must abide by the laws set by Congress and that it is the duty of the Court to interpret the Constitution in a way that protects the federal government from the states encroaching on its enumerated powers. This judge believes in the ______.


A) national supremacy doctrine
B) full faith and credit clause
C) equal balance of federalism
D) notion of state sovereignty

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What is one disadvantage of federalism?


A) Some policies are only implemented at the state level.
B) Each state has a different culture and collection of values.
C) There can be significant disparities in wealth among states.
D) Inherently American values of liberty and freedom are prioritized.

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C

How did the period of national supremacy originate in the United States? Consider the division of power between the states and the federal government. In your own opinion, what is the proper balance of state and federal power under the system of federalism?

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Who believed that federalism was the best "middle ground" of government types?


A) Abraham Lincoln
B) James Madison
C) John Marshall
D) Louis Brandeis

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What is the main purpose of the supremacy clause in Article VI of the Constitution?

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What is the likely explanation for wealth disparities being the fault of federalism?


A) The federal government is unable to tax some states at different rates.
B) States are not obligated to redistribute their wealth to poorer states.
C) Less-wealthy states can refuse providing welfare programs to their citizens.
D) There is no federal law that requires equitable programs among the states.

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D

Which is an example of how diversity is reinforced by federalism?


A) The passage of a conservative economic policy in Oklahoma and a liberal environmental policy in California.
B) Imposing strict handgun laws at the federal level for all states to adopt and enforce.
C) Implementing affirmative action programs in hiring and admissions to colleges and universities.
D) Giving preferential treatment to historically oppressed classes of people in public accommodations.

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Suppose Congress has just passed a law that would place heavy restrictions and high taxes on small businesses that primarily utilize online marketplaces to sell products, declaring it is within Congress's power to do so under the commerce clause. However, the Supreme Court strikes down the law, stating that Congress is penalizing businesses that are simply taking advantage of technological developments. This ruling is consistent with the Supreme Court's rulings during which era of federalism?


A) national supremacy
B) cooperative federalism
C) new federalism
D) dual federalism

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During the era of "new federalism," the Supreme Court has tended to rule in favor of states' rights.

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James Madison explained the structure of federalism in ______.


A) a letter to Thomas Jefferson
B) Federalist No. 51
C) the Bill of Rights
D) Article I of the Constitution

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Suppose the median household income in Alaska is nearly double that in Mississippi. Which is a likely outcome of this wealth disparity?


A) The welfare entitlement programs are better funded in Alaska than in Mississippi.
B) Alaska will have lower income and property taxes than Mississippi.
C) Residents in Mississippi will have a higher minimum wage to make up for the disparity.
D) Mississippi will be taxed at a lower rate to account for the difference in wealth.

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How does federalism foster and accommodate diversity in America?


A) Federalism sets requirements for demographics within each state.
B) States have full control over who can and cannot vote in their state.
C) Each state has a culture of viewpoints that citizens can choose to be part of.
D) States are able to implement their own policies without impacting the nation as a whole.

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Why was it necessary for the federal government to expand its authority following the Civil War?


A) so standards could be established for re-admitting states to the Union
B) so that the federal government could impose higher taxes to pay for the war
C) so the government could begin economic planning to account for the abolition of slavery
D) so former slaves could take advantage of full rights from state to state

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