A) metabolism
B) ribosomes
C) genetic material composed of nucleic acid
D) cell division
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A) normal cell division
B) absorption of antibiotics
C) production and release viral protein
D) transcription of viral mRNA
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A) The virus causes mutations in the human cells, resulting in the formation of new enzymes that are capable of performing these roles.
B) The viral genome codes for specialized enzymes not found in the host cells.
C) The virus can enter these cells but new viruses will not be made until an environmental change triggers a switchover.
D) Viruses can stay in a quiescent state until the host cell evolves this ability.
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A) Host cell ribosomes translate the viral coding region and poly-A tail at different times resulting in the different populations of proteins.
B) The RNA is first translated into a single long protein, which is then cleaved into shorter ones.
C) The RNA is translated into short polypeptides, which are then assembled into large complexes.
D) The large radioactive polypeptides are coded by the host, whereas the short ones are coded for by the virus.
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A) The drugs targeted and destroyed the viral genome before it could be reverse transcribed into DNA.
B) The drugs bonded to the viral dsDNA and prevented it from being able to be used as a template for replication.
C) The drug bonded to the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme and prevented it from making a DNA copy of viral RNA.
D) The drugs prevented host cells from producing the enzymes used by the virus to replicate its genome.
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A) Treat the substance with enzymes that destroy all nucleic acids, and then determine whether the substance is still infectious.
B) Culture the substance with plant cells, and then determine whether the cells lyse.
C) Treat the sample with proteases that digest all proteins, and then determine whether the substance is still infectious.
D) Culture the substance on nutritive medium, away from any plant cells.
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A) Viruses infect many types of cells, whereas prions infect only prokaryotic cells.
B) Viruses have protein capsids surrounding nucleic acids, whereas prions are made only of nucleic acids.
C) Viruses have genomes composed of RNA, whereas prions have genomes composed of DNA.
D) Viruses replicate using its host's DNA replication machinery, whereas prions replicate using host's translation machinery.
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A) the enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host
B) the genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA
C) it is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus
D) the proteins on virus surface can bind with proteins on the host surface
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A) DNA replication rate
B) mRNA splicing
C) translation rate
D) formation of new transcription factors
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A) an RNA-based lytic virus
B) an RNA-based lysogenic virus
C) a DNA-based lytic virus
D) a DNA-based lysogenic virus
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A) The CRISPR-Cas system allows bacteria to recognize phage strains that have previously infected that bacterial lineage and targets the phage DNA for destruction.
B) Bacteria secrete enzymes that diffuse away from the cell and digest phage capsid proteins so the virus cannot infect the cells.
C) Bacteria methylate phage DNA as it enters the cell, targeting it for destruction by restriction enzymes.
D) The lysogenic cycle allows bacteria evolve inhibitors that bind with the phage DNA they contain so their daughter cells will no longer be infected.
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A) the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle in all known host organisms
B) the lysogenic cycle only
C) the lytic cycle only
D) the lytic cycle in all host organisms but the lysogenic cycle only in bacteria
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A) They can manufacture their own ATP, proteins, and nucleic acids.
B) They can use the host cell machinery to make copies of viral genomes and viral proteins.
C) They can use the host cell as a source of energy allowing viral machinery to replicate the virus.
D) They can replicate while within a host cell as well as when they are between host cells.
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A) The new culture infected with virus A will require 60 minutes before new viral particles will be released into the culture.
B) The new culture infected with virus A will result in more infected cells than the new culture infected with virus B.
C) The new culture infected with virus B will have a shorter lytic cycle than seen in the original virus B culture.
D) The new culture infected with virus B will plateau with approximately 50,000 viral particles per milliliter of culture.
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