Question 1

Crickets and fruit flies are both insects. Which of the following statements could explain why a certain cricket genome has eleven times as many base pairs as that of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster?

Accepted Answer

A)   Crickets have higher gene density.
B)   Drosophila are more complex organisms.
C)   Crickets must have more noncoding DNA.
D)   Crickets must make many more proteins. C

Question 2

Information within sequence databases, such as GenBank, could be used to perform which of the following tasks?

Accepted Answer

A)   Determine the expression pattern for specific human genes.
B)   Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships between various bird species.
C)   Search for genes that have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes.
D)   Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-cancerous cells. B

Question 3

Which of the following best describes metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

A)   genome studies that reflect on the effect of environmental conditions on DNA sequences
B)   genome studies that compare and annotate representative genes shared by multiple species
C)   sequencing DNA from the most highly conserved genes in a lineage
D)   sequencing DNA from a community of species from the same ecosystem

Question 4

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A)   the number of genes characteristic of a species
B)   the patterns of alternative splicing
C)   the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type
D)   the movement of transposable elements within the genome

Question 5

Homeotic genes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures
B)   are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods
C)   are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain
D)   encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly

Question 6

Which of the following describes a difference between transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   STRs may result in phenotypic differences between individuals; transposable elements are non-coding regions.
B)   STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons.
C)   STRs make up only a small percentage of a given genome while transposable elements often make up larger parts of a given genome.
D)   STRs contain much larger repeated units those found in transposable elements.

Question 7

Humans and chimpanzees show approximately 98% sequence similarity yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences. Changes to which of the following genome characteristics contributes most to the differences between humans and chimpanzees?

Accepted Answer

A)   structural genes
B)   the number of repeated sequences
C)   regulatory sequences
D)   genome size

Question 8

An indigenous group uses a certain plant for medicinal purposes. Their scientists are most likely to find which of the following in the genome annotation for the medicinal plant?

Accepted Answer

A)   the plant's proteins that are medically important
B)   the relative levels of mRNA transcripts produced by the plant
C)   the sequences show similarities with known functional domains
D)   the cellular location of mRNAs expressed within different plant tissues

Question 9

Which of the following statements explains the observation that the number of different proteins a vertebrate produces may be larger than the number of genes found within their genome?

Accepted Answer

A)   Vertebrates can produce more than one polypeptide from a single gene.
B)   Vertebrate genes contain both exons and introns.
C)   Pseudogenes provide alternative regions for translation initiation.
D)   Chromosomal rearrangements have increased the number of protein coding regions.

Question 10

Which of the following statements explains why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)   Proteins are larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes.
B)   Coding regions of genes in eukaryotes are shorter than in prokaryotes.
C)   mRNAs in prokaryotes are usually polycistronic.
D)   There are introns in eukaryotic genes.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct result of alternative splicing in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)   More than one polypeptide sequence can be produced from a single gene.
B)   Each gene can produce multiple copies of the same peptide.
C)   Eukaryote genomes can be smaller than prokaryotic genomes.
D)   Introns contain coding sequences and exons do not.

Question 12

Which of the following processes is part of the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Accepted Answer

A)   fragmenting genomic DNA at random sites
B)   mapping the chromosomal location of cloned DNA fragments
C)   using DNA primers with randomly generated sequences to begin sequencing reactions throughout the genome
D)   focusing the efforts to sequence the genomes of new species by using DNA primers known to be conserved between other species

Question 13

Which of the following types of genome variations are more likely to have phenotypic consequences?

Accepted Answer

A)   CNVs
B)   SNPs
C)   STRs
D)   Alu elements

Question 14

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes. Which of the following best explains the difference in chromosome number between humans and chimps?

Accepted Answer

A)   The common ancestor of humans and chimps had 24 pairs of chromosomes. During human evolution, two human chromosomes fused end to end.
B)   In the evolution of chimps, new adaptations resulted from additional chromosomal material.
C)   At some point in evolution, human and chimp ancestors reproduced with each other.
D)   An Error in mitosis in a common ancestor split one chromosome and resulted in the additional pair seen in chimps.

Question 15

A bioinformatic gene annotation contains which of the following components?

Accepted Answer

A)   a list of predicted transcription start and stop sites and RNA splicing sites in a DNA sequence
B)   the name of the gene and a summary its evolutionary connections in other species
C)   a description of the function of noncoding regions of the gene
D)   a summary of the experimental steps conducted to identify the protein coding region

Question 16

Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated an important role of the FOXP2 transcription factor in the development of vocalizations. Recent sequence comparisons of the FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals and modern humans show that while the DNA sequence may be different, the protein sequence it codes for is identical. Which of the following conclusions might logically be inferred from this information?

Accepted Answer

A)   Because different DNA sequences cannot result in the same protein sequence Neanderthals must have used a different variant of the genetic code.
B)   Because there were differences in DNA sequence the hypothesis that Neanderthals were primitive beings that had not developed language is supported.
C)   Because the FOXP2 protein sequences were identical, human and Neanderthal vocalizations may have been more similar than previously thought.
D)   Because mice containing the "humanized" FOXP2 gene vocalized differently, mice and humans likely diverged more recently than previously thought.

Question 17

Which of the following is a reason that expressed sequence tags (ESTs)  aid the identification of DNA that encodes proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)   ESTs are amino acid sequences that can be used to predict the DNA sequence used in cellular gene expression.
B)   ESTs are short DNA sequences conserved among all protein coding regions that can be scanned for by computer software.
C)   ESTs are cDNA sequences and since cDNA synthesis uses an mRNA template ESTs identify protein coding genes.
D)   ESTs are complementary to DNA promoter sequences and can act as coding region-specific primers. C

Question 18

Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Accepted Answer

A)   less than 2%
B)   about 50%
C)   about 75%
D)   100%

Question 19

Which of the following statements correctly describes retrotransposons?

Accepted Answer

A)   They use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition.
B)   They are found only in animal cells.
C)   They generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism.
D)   They contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes.

Question 20

If gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent and doubles all genes in a genome, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)   creation of a pseudogene
B)   creation of a gene cluster
C)   creation of a polyploid
D)   creation of a diploid

Exam 20: The Evolution of Genomes

Crickets and fruit flies are both insects. Which of the following statements could explain why a certain cricket genome has eleven times as many base pairs as that of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster?

Correct Answer
verified
C

Information within sequence databases, such as GenBank, could be used to perform which of the following tasks?

Correct Answer
verified
B

Which of the following best describes metagenomics?

Correct Answer
verified

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Correct Answer
verified

Homeotic genes ________.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following describes a difference between transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs) ?

Correct Answer
verified

Humans and chimpanzees show approximately 98% sequence similarity yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences. Changes to which of the following genome characteristics contributes most to the differences between humans and chimpanzees?

Correct Answer
verified

An indigenous group uses a certain plant for medicinal purposes. Their scientists are most likely to find which of the following in the genome annotation for the medicinal plant?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements explains the observation that the number of different proteins a vertebrate produces may be larger than the number of genes found within their genome?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements explains why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is a direct result of alternative splicing in eukaryotes?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following processes is part of the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following types of genome variations are more likely to have phenotypic consequences?

Correct Answer
verified

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes. Which of the following best explains the difference in chromosome number between humans and chimps?

Correct Answer
verified

A bioinformatic gene annotation contains which of the following components?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Which of the following is a reason that expressed sequence tags (ESTs) aid the identification of DNA that encodes proteins?

Correct Answer
verified
C

Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements correctly describes retrotransposons?

Correct Answer
verified

If gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent and doubles all genes in a genome, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 20: The Evolution of Genomes

Crickets and fruit flies are both insects. Which of the following statements could explain why a certain cricket genome has eleven times as many base pairs as that of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Information within sequence databases, such as GenBank, could be used to perform which of the following tasks?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which of the following best describes metagenomics?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Homeotic genes ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following describes a difference between transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Humans and chimpanzees show approximately 98% sequence similarity yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences. Changes to which of the following genome characteristics contributes most to the differences between humans and chimpanzees?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An indigenous group uses a certain plant for medicinal purposes. Their scientists are most likely to find which of the following in the genome annotation for the medicinal plant?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements explains the observation that the number of different proteins a vertebrate produces may be larger than the number of genes found within their genome?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements explains why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a direct result of alternative splicing in eukaryotes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following processes is part of the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following types of genome variations are more likely to have phenotypic consequences?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes. Which of the following best explains the difference in chromosome number between humans and chimps?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A bioinformatic gene annotation contains which of the following components?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a reason that expressed sequence tags (ESTs) aid the identification of DNA that encodes proteins?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements correctly describes retrotransposons?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent and doubles all genes in a genome, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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B

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C

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