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When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment, ____ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.


A) loyalty to
B) fear of
C) hostility from
D) skills learned from

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___________________ describes the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways.

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Children who fail in school offend more frequently than those who graduate. According to research on national dropout rates, which of the following group sets has "little more than a fifty-fifty chance" of graduating high school?


A) White Americans and Italian Americans
B) Hispanic Americans and African Americans
C) Asian Americans and Italian Americans
D) Native Americans and white Americans

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Tom, Dick, and Harry are three teens from the Columbus, OH area. Using the information below, answer the following questions. The three boys got in trouble for skipping school and for possession of stolen goods. They told their parents that they didn't want to steal the items but their friends were doing it and they felt they needed to support their friends. This would most likely be explained by which subcomponent of techniques of neutralization?


A) Appeal to higher loyalty
B) Denial of victim
C) ​Denial of responsibility
D) Condemnation of the condemners

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____________________ theory holds that everyone has the potential to become criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds to society.

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Social control

Social process theories have had a major influence on public policy initiatives over the last 60+ years.

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After being kicked out of school, Tom and Dick decide to vandalize the property of the teacher who turned them. The boys were heard saying "had it coming," and deserved the actions based on what he had done to them. According to Techniques of Neutralization theory, which of the subcomponents of the theory best fits this example?


A) Denial of victim
B) ​Denial of responsibility
C) Denial of injury
D) Appeal to higher loyalties

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A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders.

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True

Which of the following statements does not reflect labeling theory?


A) Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation.
B) Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior.
C) Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers.
D) Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individuals and their behavior.

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Social control theory suggests that ______.


A) crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken
B) only males have significant potential to become criminals
C) crime is a learned behavior
D) people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such

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While there is a link between criminal offending and family relations, there is no research which supports family dysfunction leading children to have long-term social problems.

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According to labeling theory, stigma helps lock people into deviant careers.

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True

Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements?


A) Attachment
B) Commitment
C) Affection
D) Involvement

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Neutralization theory points out that ______.


A) criminal behavior is learned in much the same way that conformity is learned
B) even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time
C) criminality is a product of weak self-concept and poor self-esteem
D) law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power and penalizing the powerless

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The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact-high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.

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Travis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi's conclusions?


A) Youths who are strongly attached to parents were less likely to commit crime.
B) Youths who were involved in conventional activities were less likely to engage in criminal behavior.
C) Youths who maintained weak, distant relationships with people tended toward delinquency.
D) Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents.

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Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they ______.


A) attend self-esteem building programs
B) attend religious services
C) have religious beliefs
D) have parents with religious beliefs

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_____________ theory explains the view that people acquire the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers.

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According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers?


A) Troubled kids do so because they are not involved in after-school activities.
B) Troubled kids do so because they fail to understand truancy and delinquency laws.
C) Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire.
D) Troubled kids are biologically drawn or attracted to troublemakers.

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Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into a cycle of violence known as ___________________.

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deviance a...

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