Exam 29: Latin America in the Twentieth Century

A) ​United Nations peacekeepers
B) ​the upper and middle classes
C) ​foreign aid workers
D) ​the Communist party
E) ​the Catholic Church

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A) birth control
B) improved communications
C) improved rail lines
D) improving crop yields
E) environmental protection

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A) Evita Perón
B) Adrina Corona Vargas
C) Nancy Morejón
D) Ana Ignacia Rodríguez
E) Rigoberta Menchú

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A

A) He was a charismatic military caudillo.
B) His initial backers for revolution were from the slums.
C) He had pro-German sympathies and a vehemently nationalistic platform.
D) His wife, Eva's personal charisma and concern for the working classes.
E) He and his wife understood it was necessary to appeal to the people directly.

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A) alliances with the USSR
B) starting the Green Revolution
C) the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista
D) land redistribution
E) ending inflation

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A) The establishment of a dynamic informal economy based on agricultural products for export.
B) The economic policies favored the rich to further divide the social structure of rich and poor.
C) The foreign trade deals and the high-interest, short-term financial credits favored the developed world.
D) The control of the narcotic drug trade and diplomatic intervention by the developed world was harsh.
E) The economic policies favored the improvement of crop yields to boost agricultural exports.

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A) The social democratic parties similar to those in Germany came to power but did not last long.
B) The industrial working class grew rapidly and played a role in national affairs including universal suffrage.
C) The absentee landlords began to sell off their property, fearing nationalization by governments in need of capital.
D) The immigration from Europe decreased, making it somewhat easier for urban dwellers to find jobs.
E) The women began to agitate for voting rights, which they did not receive until the 1960s in most places.

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B

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Operation Condor, also known as Plan Condor, was a campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents, officially and unofficially implemented by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. The program was intended to eradicate socialist and communist influence and ideas and to suppress active or potential opposition movements against the participating governments. Operation Condor was active from the 1970s to the early 1980s. It was conducted by the military governments of six South American countries: Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia, with Ecuador and Peru joining later in a more peripheral capacity. The United States government provided planning, coordinating, training on torture, technical support, and supplied military aid to the participant countries during the Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations. Under this operation, these governments cooperated in the capture, torture, and execution of each other's dissidents and suspected subversives. The program resulted in the illegal arrest, torture, killings, and forced disappearances of an estimated tens of thousands of people, including not only armed revolutionaries but also a large number of civilians: students, intellectuals, artists, union members, and perceived political opponents. Operation Condor used a variety of methods to suppress opposition, including covert operations, cross-border kidnappings, torture, and assassinations. The most infamous example of Operation Condor's tactics was the assassination of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier and his American colleague Ronni Moffitt in Washington, D.C., in 1976. The full extent of the collaboration between the various national intelligence services and the involvement of the United States came to light years later, as the participating countries transitioned back to civilian rule and the classified documents became declassified, revealing a complex network of intelligence and repression that had significant impacts on the political landscape of South America.

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The Alliance for Progress, known in Span...

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A) His new constitution put the federal government in charge of the national economy.
B) He nationalized foreign-owned transportation and communication companies.
C) His policies included women being paid equal to men for the same job.
D) He imposed state-price controls on the agricultural sector.
E) He increased wages for unionized workers and soldiers.

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Good Neigh...

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A) Many migrants come to the cities without a network of friends and family.
B) The migrants live in barrios surrounding the older parts of the cities.
C) Many migrants live off small, sporadic incomes.
D) Many migrants are unskilled workers who are forced to take day work.
E) The migrants have been continually coming to the cities for over forty years.

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A) A conservative and reactionary theology created by the Catholic Church.
B) A combination of Marxist social theory and Catholic humanitarianism.
C) A social and economic policy that exploits common people.
D) A religious tenet that supports military and civilian revolutions.
E) A theology that supported the uneven distribution of wealth.

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A) Land redistribution to peasants.
B) Invited US oil companies to drill.
C) Forbade official recognition of the Maya.
D) Official rejection of the PRI.
E) Instituted a social revolution.

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Answers would include a discussion of Me...

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A) Ana Ignacia Rodríguez
B) Adriana Corona Vargas
C) Nancy Morejón
D) Michelle Bachelet
E) Eva Perón

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A) A rejection of American investment.
B) Extensive support from European humanitarians.
C) Economic imperialism by the US.
D) A severance of ties with Europe.
E) Initial support for Marxist revolution.

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