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On a VI schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon _____ an unpredictable period of time.


A) not responding for
B) the first response following
C) the first response during
D) Both a and b are correct.

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Romeo finds that girls pay attention to him when he smiles but not when he burps. He now smiles a lot and rarely burps when girls are present. This is an example of the effect of


A) differential reinforcement.
B) differential discrimination.
C) response generalization.
D) a complex schedule.

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In general, a VI schedule produces a _____ rate of response, often with _____ pause following the delivery of each reinforcer.


A) high; no
B) moderate; no
C) low; a long
D) scalloped; a long

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Which schedule of reinforcement produces a steady-state behavior that appears to be "scalloped"?


A) FR
B) VR
C) FI
D) VI

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How can a contingency of reinforcement affect the behavioral bliss point?


A) It usually has little effect on reaching the behavioral bliss point.
B) It can move an animal toward its behavioral bliss point.
C) It can prevent an animal from reaching its behavioral bliss point.
D) It represents the animal's behavioral bliss point.

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Birthday gifts are best described as examples of reinforcers that are received on a(n) _____ schedule.


A) VT
B) FT
C) FR
D) VR

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Justin's dog has to sit down, then lay down, then roll over, and then beg in order to earn a treat. The behavior that will be performed best is likely to be


A) sitting down.
B) laying down.
C) rolling over.
D) begging.

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Describe the drive reduction theory of reinforcement. What is a major difficulty with this theory? What is incentive motivation?

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Sue's boyfriend typically spends three evenings a week with his friends. Sue demands that he spend only one evening per week with his friends. As a result, he begins doing favors for her in order to entice her to let him spend more time with his friends. This example best describes the


A) intrinsic motivation theory.
B) Premack principle.
C) learned industriousness theory.
D) the response deprivation hypothesis.

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A prime example of behavior maintained on a variable ratio schedule is


A) gambling.
B) teaching toddlers.
C) studying for exams.
D) working for a weekly salary.

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In which of the following types of schedules is the response entirely response contingent?


A) Fixed schedules
B) Ratio schedules
C) Variable schedules
D) Interval schedules

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Each time the dog scratches at the door, its owner lets it outside. In technical terms, this is an example of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.


A) intermittent
B) regular
C) constant
D) continuous

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After Justin gets up in the morning, he showers, shaves, gets dressed, eats breakfast, and then drives to work. In this chain of behaviors, the terminal reinforcer is


A) the completion of showering.
B) the initiation of the next behavior.
C) arriving at work.
D) waking up.

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In a chained schedule, the consequences for the early behaviors in the chain function as _____ that also serve as _____ for the next behavior.


A) discriminative stimuli; secondary reinforcers
B) discriminative stimuli; primary reinforcers
C) secondary reinforcers; discriminative stimuli
D) primary reinforcers; discriminative stimuli

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Ahmed finds that his teacher increases his math homework by 10 problems every alternate day. This is best described as an example of


A) ratio strain.
B) stretching the ratio.
C) a VR schedule.
D) an FR schedule.

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Anson puts in very little work during his term at college. But at the end of the term, when the workload suddenly increases, he finds it difficult to study and sometimes suffers a breakdown. This seems to be an example of


A) response deprivation.
B) reinforcement noncontingency.
C) contingency burn-out.
D) ratio strain.

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Karl plays cards for several hours a day and spends only a few minutes studying. According to the Premack principle,


A) playing cards could be used as a reinforcer for studying.
B) studying could be used as a reinforcer for playing cards.
C) playing cards could be used as a punisher for studying.
D) Both b and c are correct.

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Superstitious behavior is most likely to develop on a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement

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With which approach to reinforcement would an extremely hungry person most easily identify?


A) The Premack principle
B) The response deprivation hypothesis
C) Drive reduction theory
D) Two-process theory

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Suppose you are paid $5 for every 10 survey results you code into a computer program. This is an example of a _____ schedule.


A) variable interval
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) fixed ratio

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