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Explain why the exclusionary rule is so important to the criminal justice system. What Amendments protect this rule?

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Sue Jackson was recently pulled over by a local law enforcement agency. She was not sure why she was being pulled over. When the officer approached the car, he informed Sue that he was going to search the car. The officer did not find anything until he opened a backpack that belonged to her brother. When the officers opened the backpack, he found two rocks of crack cocaine. Sue was immediately arrested and is currently awaiting a court date. Does the officer have a constitutional right to search Sue's car?


A) Yes, law enforcement can search a vehicle at any time.
B) Yes, Sue may have committed a traffic offense.
C) No, Sue did not consent to a vehicle search.
D) No, the officer could only search the trunk.

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Police are not allowed to use deadly force on a fleeing suspect, even if officers believe the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious harm to others.

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Miranda warnings must be read to a suspect prior to interrogation.

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According to ________, a suspect who, during a frisk, which is not justified by proper observation and reasonable suspicion , is found to be carrying drugs or weapons can seek to have the evidence excluded.


A) exigent circumstances
B) the exclusionary rule
C) due process
D) the totality of circumstances
E) probable cause

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In United States v. Jones (2012)  the Supreme Court decided:


A) to make it a  requirement for the police to seek search warrants, if possible, before taking involuntary blood tests from suspected drunk drivers.
B) police do not need a warrant to search a car.
C) ​ that placing a GPS tracking device on a drug suspect's car without a warrant is a search that falls under the rules of the Fourth Amendment.
D) that arrest, even on minor offenses, makes people subject to intrusive strip searches and body cavity inspections when they are placed in jail.
E) that drug-sniffing dogs cannot be brought to the front door of a home to seek evidence that will be used to get a search warrant.

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In Nix v. Williams (1984), the U. S. Supreme Court established the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule.

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In what circumstance is the totality of circumstances used?


A) To determine whether an offender is guilty
B) To determine whether to indict a suspect
C) To determine whether probable cause exists
D) To determine whether police acted appropriately
E) To determine whether to Mirandize a suspect

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Terry v. Ohio endorsed stop-and-frisk searches to ensure _______.


A) officer safety
B) victim's rights
C) suspect rights
D) due process
E) witness safety

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How have police officers adapted their practices in light of Miranda ?

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Prior to Miranda , police officers in some instances would torture suspects until a confession was delivered.

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Which of the following is not a condition for the issuance of a warrant?


A) the existence of probable cause
B) the suspect must be informed of his/her rights
C) evidence must be presented to the judicial officer and be supported by "oath or affirmation,"
D) the warrant must describe the specific place to be searched
E) the warrant must describe the person or items to be seized

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Which would not permit a warrantless search?


A) Driving across the Canadian-U.S. border.
B) Sailing through a border seaport.
C) Suspicion of drugs in a known addict's apartment .
D) An international airport.
E) ​ Driving across the Mexican-U.S. border.

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Probable cause must be established before an arrest warrant is issued.

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Discuss the Supreme Court's role in the creation of the Miranda rights and what those rights are.

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​Jimmy was walking down the street late at night.  A squad car pulled alongside him and ordered him to stop.  The two officers then got out of the car and proceeded to frisk Jimmy.


A) The police have just subjected Jimmy to a: ​
B) ​stop-and-frisk search.
C) ​special needs search.
D) ​search incident to a lawful arrest.
E) consent search​.
F) ​exigent circumstance search.

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Illinois v. Gates (1983) is the U.S.Supreme Court decision that established that:


A) police officers must provide reliable information when obtaining a search warrant.
B) police officers must identify the "things" to be searched.
C) police officers are allowed to conduct warrantless searches under certain circumstances.
D) police officers cannot admit evidence into court if they gather evidence using an illegal search warrant.
E) the flexible  totality of circumstances  test for determining the  existence of the probable  cause needed for obtaining a  search warrant.

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Police officers must be in marked police cars when making traffic stops.

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The stop-and-frisk exception based upon the Terry v. Ohio (1968) case is considered a ____________________search.

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Police officers must provide Miranda warnings if they approach someone on the street and begin questioning them.

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