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Exam 5: Social Cognition

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Question 91

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Research demonstrates that, in counterfactual thinking, people engage in far more ____ than ____.

A) upward counterfactual thinking; downward counterfactual thinking
B) downward counterfactual thinking; upward counterfactual thinking
C) counterfactual thinking about past events; counterfactual thinking about future events
D) counterfactual thinking about future events; counterfactual thinking about past events

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Question 92

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"Heuristic" is another word for ____.

A) causation
B) network
C) pathway
D) shortcut

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Question 93

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The self-serving bias refers to people's tendency to think that others are more similar to them than they really are when it comes to their faults and weaknesses.

Quite understandably, students are often more upset about missing an exam question when they had previously circled the correct answer-and then changed it to an incorrect answer-as opposed to when they had chosen an incorrect answer all along. This is most directly related to the ____.

Raquel buys stock in two different companies. She makes $2000 from one of these investments, but loses $3000 on the other one. If you ask Raquel about her stocks, she makes self-serving attributions, saying, "I was very clever to invest in that first company, but I just had bad luck losing so much money with the other one." In other words, ____.

The tendency for people to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which they can imagine or mentally visualize it is known as the ____.

Dr. Canne wants to encourage Kirk to lose weight. He tells Kirk, "If you don't start working out soon, you are going to die young and leave your children without a father!" Dr. Canne is using a(n) ____.

The paradoxical effects of thought suppression have been linked to psychological disorders, especially ____.

When you go to a restaurant, you know that there is a certain sequence of things that you need to do: (a) wait to be seated, (b) order, (c) eat, and then (d) pay. In other words, you have a ____ for what needs to be done at restaurants.

The so-called "gambler's fallacy" refers to the ____.

The first instinct fallacy refers to the false belief that it is better not to change one's first answer even if one starts to think that a different answer is correct.

A knowledge structure that contains information about a concept and its relationship to other concepts (e.g., a structure that contains information about judges and how judges relate to lawyers, criminals, the general public, and so forth) is known as a ____.

Joe takes on his sister's view that all people from "up north" are snobs. Later, Joe learns that his sister's opinion was based on the fact that her boyfriend from "up north" recently dumped her. Yet Joe persists in his belief that people from "up north" are snobby. This best illustrates the ____ effect.

A loss-framed appeal focuses on the ____.

How does the fundamental attribution error (FAE) differ from the actor-observer effect (AOE) ?

Theory perseverance is the idea that ____.

Even though stomach cancer kills more people than plane crashes do, most people tend to assume that plane crashes cause more deaths. This misconception seems to arise from ____, since plane crash fatalities tend to be widely publicized and are therefore relatively easy for people to recall.

People who receive extremely low scores on IQ tests almost always perform better the second time around. This pattern can be attributed to ________________.

When the illusory correlation occurs after only one exposure to a behavior performed by a member of an unfamiliar group, the _______________ has occurred.

Suppose that you are trying to guess how much money a co-worker of yours makes. You have no idea how much she makes off-hand. To try to guess, you start with your own salary and then add on a few dollars since she has been at your workplace longer than you have. That is, you make use of the ________________ heuristic.