A) Differences between the political opinions of Democrats and Republicans on a wide variety of policy questions are smaller today than during any other period in the last forty years.
B) Differences between the political opinions of Democrats and Republicans on a wide variety of policy questions are greater today than during any other period in the last forty years.
C) The differences between the political opinions of Democrats and Republicans have always been the same throughout American history and have not become more intense over the last forty years.
D) Republicans and Democrats have similar opinions on all political issues with the exception of national security.
E) The political opinions of Democrats and Republicans in the public are unaffected by the opinions of party leaders.
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A value is a principle or standard that is considered important or desirable. It is a belief or attitude about what is right, good, or important in life. Values are often deeply held and can influence a person's behavior and decision-making.
An ideology, on the other hand, is a set of beliefs or principles that form the basis of a political, economic, or social system. It is a comprehensive vision or worldview that shapes a person's understanding of the world and their place in it.
In contemporary American politics, liberalism and conservatism are two dominant ideologies that shape the beliefs and policies of political parties and individuals.
Liberalism is characterized by a belief in the importance of individual rights and freedoms, social equality, and government intervention to address social and economic issues. Liberals tend to support policies such as universal healthcare, environmental protection, and progressive taxation. They emphasize the importance of diversity and inclusivity and advocate for government programs to support those in need.
Conservatism, on the other hand, is characterized by a belief in limited government intervention, free-market capitalism, traditional values, and a strong national defense. Conservatives tend to prioritize individual responsibility, personal freedom, and traditional family values. They advocate for lower taxes, deregulation, and a strong military.
In terms of their emphasis on core American values, liberalism tends to prioritize equality, social justice, and diversity, while conservatism emphasizes individual liberty, personal responsibility, and traditional values.
The main differences between these two ideologies lie in their approach to government intervention, economic policies, and social issues. Liberals generally support a more active role for government in addressing social and economic inequalities, while conservatives advocate for limited government intervention and free-market solutions.
Despite their differences, there are points of agreement between liberalism and conservatism. Both ideologies value freedom and individual rights, although they may prioritize different aspects of freedom. They also share a commitment to the well-being and prosperity of the American people, although they may have different ideas about how to achieve these goals.
Overall, the differences between liberalism and conservatism reflect differing beliefs about the role of government, the economy, and social issues, but both ideologies are rooted in a desire to promote the values and interests of the American people.
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A) must be at least 50 percent of the targeted population.
B) need be only 25 percent of the targeted population.
C) need be only 10 percent of the targeted population.
D) must be representative in that the views of those in the sample must accurately and proportionately reflect the views of the whole population.
E) must be based on all the registered voters in the targeted population.
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D
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A) Democracy
B) Liberty
C) Equality
D) Family
E) Justice
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B
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A) political socialization.
B) ideological education.
C) brainwashing.
D) value enhancing.
E) attitudinal evolution.
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A) a push poll.
B) a bandwagon poll.
C) a saliency illusion.
D) a selection bias.
E) a nonresponse bias.
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A) The fact that public opinion polling is provided to political leaders free of charge.
B) The fact that the Supreme Court has struck down a number of state and federal laws that made public opinion polling illegal.
C) The fact that it has become very difficult for political leaders to experience public opinion directly.
D) The fact that media organizations no longer cover political issues as much as they once did.
E) The fact that protections for freedom of speech have increased dramatically.
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A) Due to its size and power, the government is always successful at influencing public opinion.
B) Despite its size and power, the government has trouble influencing public opinion because the news media frequently disputes its claims.
C) Despite its size and power, the government has trouble influencing public opinion because interest groups frequently dispute its claims.
D) Despite its size and power, the government has trouble influencing public opinion because there are often conflicts within the government about what should be done.
E) Modern presidents focus a great deal of attention on shaping public opinion to boost support for their policy agendas.
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A) Citizens with more political knowledge can differentiate between information that is congruent with their political beliefs and information that is not more so than other citizens.
B) Public opinion can be easily manipulated and fickle.
C) Support for abortion rights has been relatively unchanged over the past decade.
D) More Americans favor gun control today than in the 1990s.
E) A majority of Americans support same sex marriage today.
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A) Liberals
B) Conservatives
C) Socialists
D) Internationalists
E) Isolationists
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A) liberals; conservatives
B) conservatives; liberals
C) libertarians; conservatives
D) liberals; libertarians
E) libertarians; liberals
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A) validity quotient
B) reliability quotient
C) sample
D) quota
E) hypothesis
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A) had no noticeable effect on the partisan composition of the Congress.
B) increased the number of conservative Democrats and liberal Republicans in the Congress.
C) reduced the number of conservative Democrats and all but eliminated liberal Republicans from the Congress.
D) increased the number of conservative Democrats and all but eliminated liberal Republicans from the Congress.
E) increased the number of liberal Republicans and all but eliminated conservative Democrats from the Congress.
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A) Given constant exposure to other people's ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one's own viewpoints.
B) Moderate ideas usually have the best financial backing and the greatest publicity.
C) The most popular ideas are usually the most moderate ones.
D) Those who shop in the marketplace of ideas typically start with moderate viewpoints.
E) Moderate ideas are always closest to the truth and, therefore, are most successful in the marketplace of ideas.
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A) an expansion in governmental social services.
B) an increase in the federal military budget.
C) prayer in the public schools.
D) a ban on abortions.
E) a reduction in foreign aid for poor countries.
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A) Clinton administration officials used techniques similar to those used in election campaigns to bolster popular enthusiasm for White House initiatives.
B) No attempts to influence public support for White House initiatives were made by Clinton administration officials.
C) Clinton refused to employ any political consultants or pollsters in his administration.
D) Clinton administration officials almost never communicated with representatives from the departments of the executive branch about how to coordinate the president's public relations efforts.
E) Despite the advice of some of his supporters, Clinton refused to establish a political "war room" to plan his administration's public relations efforts.
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A) government should be very active in providing universal health care but very inactive in all other spheres.
B) government should be very active in providing universal education but very inactive in all other spheres.
C) government should be very active in promoting national defense but very inactive in all other spheres.
D) government should be very active in many spheres in order to reduce economic and social inequality.
E) government is wasteful and should be limited to as few spheres of activity as possible.
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A) Political knowledge is fairly high in America.
B) Citizens with low levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information and determine its relevancy to their beliefs.
C) Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.
D) Almost 90 percent of Americans can name their U.S. senators and U.S. representatives.
E) Poor Americans are vocal proponents of higher levels of social welfare spending.
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A) presidential speeches
B) press conferences
C) press releases
D) media appearances by administration officials
E) donations to academic institutions
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A) important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans' access to free information.
B) the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.
C) the use of opinion pollsters who market a politician's speeches, ideas, and votes.
D) the explosion of information brought on by the Internet and other advances in electronic communication.
E) the elimination of government regulations on broadcast media such as radio and television.
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