A) igneous
B) sedimentary
C) metamorphic
D) a mixture of sedimentary and metamorphic
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A) 4.6 billion years ago
B) 3.5 billion years ago
C) 3.85 billion years ago
D) 4.0 billion years ago
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A) the object exploded completely before it hit the ground
B) the object that hit was a comet and not an asteroid
C) the event had been predicted long before it happened
D) the impact created the biggest impact crater seen in recorded history
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A) enzymes
B) ribozymes
C) ribosomes
D) chemzymes
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A) the crater from this impact can still be seen in the deserts of Arizona
B) a layer of sediment laid down at that time contains grains of shocked quartz, solidified rock droplets, and soot from global wildfires
C) a layer of sediment laid down at that time is littered with dinosaur fossils
D) dinosaur fossils are found in rock layers older than 65 million years but not younger than 65 million years
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A) naturism
B) intelligent design
C) panspermia
D) chemical evolution
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A) only cells can replicate
B) cell walls prevent heat from escaping
C) cells help to protect fragile biological molecules from the outside environment
D) biological reactions can occur only within cells
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A) the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico
B) South West Greenland
C) Western Australia
D) Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.
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A) the decomposition of dead organisms
B) plants
C) cyanobacteria
D) oxidation reactions
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A) existed and was well established by3.4 to 3.5 billion years ago
B) originated about 3.4 billion years ago
C) existed 3.85 billion years ago
D) originated when the Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
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A) smoke inhalation
B) UV radiation from the fireball
C) glass shattered by the shock wave
D) the sonic boom as the object passed through the Earth's atmosphere
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A) that they would rapidly evolve and replace existing life on Earth
B) that they would be used by hostile nations to build clone armies
C) that they might be the source of new diseases or toxins for which terrestrial life would have little resistance
D) that they would travel on our robotic space probes and contaminate other planets
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A) almost certain
B) impossible to predict
C) zero
D) small but not zero
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A) proteins and nucleic acids probably looked very different before the origin of life
B) nucleic acids cannot replicate without proteins, and proteins cannot be made without nucleic acids
C) early proteins and nucleic acids were very similar to each other
D) proteins and nucleic acids are always present together at the same time
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A) fossils of the first organisms to introduce oxygen into the atmosphere
B) fossils of the first multicellular organisms
C) layers of sediment that once contained colonies of ancient microbes
D) fossils of the first eukaryotes
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A) the extinction of older anaerobic life as oxygen builds up in the atmosphere
B) the time period before the development of the ozone layer
C) a period when evolution accelerated so rapidly that there was insufficient oxygen available
D) the destruction of oxygen in the early atmosphere
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A) the first living organisms would have left absolutely no trace of their existence
B) life was planted on the Earth by an advanced civilization so there is no evidence in the geological record to find
C) the geological record does not extend back to the time that life originated
D) the oldest rocks are too deep inside the Earth for us to retrieve
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A) the DNA inside organelles is not made of the same four bases as the DNA in the host cells
B) organelles float around independently inside eukaryotic cells
C) prokaryotes are seen incorporating into cells today
D) organelles are very similar to present-day bacteria, suggesting a common ancestor
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A) Mars only
B) All terrestrial planets
C) The Moon and Mars
D) The Moon only
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A) at least 542 million years
B) at least 360 million years
C) at least 2 billion years
D) at least 3.5 billion years
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