A) They are made to appeal to a justice's constituency groups.
B) They have as much weight of law as the majority's opinion does.
C) Dissents are signs that the Court is in disagreement on an issue and could change its ruling.
D) Dissents are meant to confuse lawyers and government officials as to the true meaning of a decided case.
E) They are meant to appease the losing side in a case.
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A) unimportant because the final vote of the justices is the only statement that carries any weight in future cases.
B) important because differences in wording and emphasis can have important implications for how the decision is interpreted in future litigation.
C) unimportant because all justices usually describe their decisions in exactly the same way.
D) important because every word of a decision is legally binding.
E) unimportant because it is rarely, if ever, read by anyone involved in the legal process.
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A) In 2014, seven of the nine justices were appointed by Democratic presidents.
B) In 2014, seven of the nine justices were appointed by Republican presidents.
C) In 2014, all of the justices were appointed by Democratic presidents.
D) In 2014, five of the nine justices were appointed by Republican presidents.
E) none of the above
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A) A misdemeanor
B) A plea bargain
C) Taking the Fifth
D) A writ of certiorari
E) Mediation
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A) voluntary school prayer in the public schools was unconstitutional.
B) segregation was unconstitutional.
C) the "one man, one vote" standard was unconstitutional.
D) corporations have free speech rights under the First Amendment.
E) state courts had to provide legal counsel to defendants who could not afford their own attorneys.
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A) The Constitution grants the federal courts the power of judicial review.
B) It is the duty of the federal judges to say what the law is; therefore, it is necessary for them to interpret and expound upon the law.
C) Congress would have to ask the courts for permission to pass laws.
D) The president should not be able to "get around" Congress by issuing executive orders on any issue he or she would like.
E) The federal courts, since they are the least political branch of government, should have the power to review the actions of the political branches.
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A) the decision in the early nineteenth century that all federal courts should be guarded by members of the armed forces
B) the attempt by the Republican-dominated Senate of the 1990s to confirm as many conservative judges as possible
C) the attempt by President Franklin Roosevelt to add sympathetic justices to the Supreme Court in order to get New Deal laws upheld as constitutional
D) the desire in Congress during the 1890s to expand the number of federal courts to ease the workload of the Supreme Court
E) the attempt by the Democratic-dominated Senate of the 1980s to confirm as many liberal judges as possible
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A) 1,000; 500
B) 200; 10
C) 8,500; 80
D) 12,000; 300
E) 5,000; 100
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A) the government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention.
B) the government cannot send a defendant to stand trial in a geographically distant jurisdiction.
C) a defendant in a felony trial must receive assistance from legal counsel.
D) capital punishment can be neither cruel nor unusual.
E) the government cannot search premises without a warrant issued by a judge.
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