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Exam 12: Body Defenses

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Question 91

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The plasma concentration of a particular substance at which its T_m is reached and the substance first starts appearing in the urine is known as the ____________________.

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Question 92

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Which statement does NOT correctly describe angiotensin I?

A) It is formed as a result of activation of angiotensinogen by renin.
B) It is transformed into angiotensin II as a result of converting enzyme action in the lungs.
C) Angiotensin I acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion.

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Question 93

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During acidosis, H⁺ secretion increases.

When tubular fluid enters the distal tubule, it is hypotonic.

The kidneys keep the urine volume and composition essentially constant.

ACE inhibitor drugs promote diuresis by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

The clearance rate for inulin is greater than the GFR.

Which of the following substances is NOT normally secreted into the tubule?

Only juxtamedullary nephrons contain a juxtaglomerular apparatus.

The osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid always equilibrates with the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Match the chemicals, .labelled a. through f., with their correct characteristics. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.renin b.angiotensinogen c.angiotensin I d.angiotensin II e.aldosterone f.atrial natriuretic peptide -secreted from the granular cells of the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus

Which of the following is NOT associated with juxtamedullary nephrons?

Match the effects, labelled a. through c., with the statements. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.increases b.decreases c.has no effect on -Increased angiotensin II activation __________ aldosterone secretion.

Match the renal structures or activities with the correct characteristics, labelled a. through p. a.collecting tubules empty into this structure b.stores the urine c.passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen d.carries blood to the glomerulus e.tuft of capillaries that forms the filtrate f.passage of protein-free plasma into Bowman's capsule g.urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis h.collects the glomerular filtrate i.passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries j.functional unit of the kidney k.supplies the renal tissue with O₂ and nutrients l.carries blood from one capillary network to another capillary network m.tube through which urine leaves the body n.variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control o.responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney p.glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here -Bowman's capsule

What are the pathological effects of renal failure?

Describe the mechanisms by which the kidney produces concentrated urine.

Match the renal structures or activities with the correct characteristics, labelled a. through p. a.collecting tubules empty into this structure b.stores the urine c.passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen d.carries blood to the glomerulus e.tuft of capillaries that forms the filtrate f.passage of protein-free plasma into Bowman's capsule g.urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis h.collects the glomerular filtrate i.passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries j.functional unit of the kidney k.supplies the renal tissue with O₂ and nutrients l.carries blood from one capillary network to another capillary network m.tube through which urine leaves the body n.variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control o.responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney p.glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here -ureter

The pores in the glomerular membrane are too small for albumin to pass through.

The Na⁺ cotransport system in the proximal tubule facilitates elimination of foreign organic compounds from the body.

The kidneys receive a disproportionately large share of the cardiac output for the purpose of adjusting and purifying the plasma.