Exam 5: Complex Patterns of Inheritance

A) all variation in the population is caused by genotypic differences.
B) all variation in the population is caused by environmental differences.
C) the variation in the population is the result of epigenetic effects.
D) the genotype and environment contribute equally to the variation seen in the population.
E) None of these is true.

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A) cumulative
B) polygenic
C) epigenetic
D) penetrative
E) phenotypic

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Two different genotypes for individuals ...

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To determine whether a trait is controll...

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A) polygenic traits.
B) continuous traits.
C) multifactorial traits.
D) discontinuous traits.
E) gene interaction.

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A) vitamin C
B) niacin
C) folate
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

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A) the sum of all phenotypic variation in the population
B) the average amount of genetic variation in each individual
C) the proportion of variability in a population that is caused by genetic variance
D) the absolute measurement of genotypic variation in a population
E) the proportion of variability caused by the environment

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C

A) 60
B) 84
C) 24
D) 100
E) 40

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To construct a Punnet Square for three g...

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A) that are congenital birth defects.
B) that have discontinuous distribution.
C) that are multifactorial.
D) whose distribution can best be explained by the threshold model.
E) that have all of these characteristics.

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Twins have been incredibly useful in stu...

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A) discontinuous
B) continuous
C) polygenic
D) multifactorial
E) phenotypic

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D

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Regression to the mean is a statistical phenomenon where extreme values in a dataset tend to move closer to the average over time. There are several factors that contribute to regression to the mean: 1. Random variation: In any set of measurements, there will be some degree of random variation. Extreme values are often the result of this random variation, and over time, subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the average. 2. Measurement error: When measurements are taken, there is always some degree of error involved. Extreme values may be the result of measurement error, and subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the true average. 3. Sample size: Small sample sizes can lead to extreme values that are not representative of the true average. As the sample size increases, extreme values are more likely to regress to the mean. 4. Natural fluctuations: Many phenomena in the natural world exhibit natural fluctuations over time. Extreme values are often the result of these fluctuations, and subsequent measurements are likely to be closer to the average. 5. Reversion to the mean: In some cases, extreme values are the result of temporary or unusual circumstances. Over time, these circumstances are likely to change, leading to a reversion to the mean. Overall, regression to the mean is a common statistical phenomenon that can be attributed to a combination of random variation, measurement error, sample size, natural fluctuations, and reversion to the mean. Understanding these factors is important for interpreting data and making accurate predictions.