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Exam 4: Psychology: Understanding Learning and Development

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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_________________ is a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

A) correlation
B) regression
C) meta-analysis
D) content-analysis

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Question 2

Multiple Choice

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Naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational studies are commonly used ______________ methods.

A) descriptive
B) experimental
C) operational
D) quantitative

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Question 3

Multiple Choice

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___________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally investigated observational learning, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors.

A tentative explanation that tries to account for the diverse findings on the same topic is called a ______________ or a model.

______________ focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children, including those with special needs.

________________ involves the presentation or addition of a reinforcing stimulus following an operant.

Once a researcher has identified a question or issue to be investigated, it must be posed in the form of a _____________ that can be tested empirically.

Learning that is not reflected in actual performance is called _______________ learning.

Factors that can change or vary and are capable of being observed, measured, and verified are called ____________.

________________ refers to the presentation of an event or stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

__________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.

_____________ is an intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual and can involve compiling data from a wide variety of different sources.

A ________________ reinforcer is a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

The ________________ variable in an experiment is purposely manipulated in order to effect a change in other variable.

_________________ is Skinner's term for an actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

_________________ is the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

_____________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.

Even experiments conducted in natural settings have disadvantages, such as a ___________ in experimental control.

___________________ refers to gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior when it is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.