Question 1

A researcher focuses on the ________when faced with the question "From whom or what will the information be gathered?"

Accepted Answer

A)  purposes of research
B)  units of analysis
C)  topics for research
D)  time dimension
E)  motivations for research

Question 2

Why is the time element important in research designs? Describe designs that make different use of the time element.Give examples of research studies employing the different designs.

Accepted Answer

The time element is important in research designs because it allows researchers to understand the temporal relationships between variables and to make causal inferences. By incorporating the time element into research designs, researchers can examine how variables change over time, identify trends and patterns, and assess the impact of interventions or treatments.

There are several research designs that make different use of the time element, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time-series designs.

1. Cross-sectional designs: These designs involve collecting data at a single point in time. They are useful for providing a snapshot of a population or phenomenon at a specific moment. For example, a study examining the relationship between income and health outcomes in a specific community at a particular point in time would use a cross-sectional design.

2. Longitudinal designs: These designs involve collecting data from the same sample over an extended period of time. This allows researchers to track changes and developments within the sample and to assess the long-term effects of variables. An example of a longitudinal study is the Framingham Heart Study, which has been following participants over several decades to understand the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

3. Time-series designs: These designs involve collecting data at multiple time points both before and after an intervention or event. This allows researchers to assess the impact of the intervention and to identify any trends or patterns over time. For example, a study examining the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student performance would use a time-series design to track academic achievement before and after the implementation of the new method.

In conclusion, the time element is crucial in research designs as it allows for a deeper understanding of temporal relationships and the effects of variables over time. Different designs, such as cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time-series, offer unique insights into the dynamics of phenomena and can be applied to various research studies across different fields.

Question 3

Research designs are descriptive,explanatory,or exploratory-never more than one.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The nomothetic model of explanation is probabilistic in its approach to causation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which of the following employs the nomothetic model of explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)  An examination of all the considerations that resulted in 85% of the senior class members being hired for the jobs of their choice.
B)  An attempt to understand all the reasons concerning why five former presidents of the United States ran for office.
C)  An isolation of the three most important reasons as to why men were selected to all the leadership positions at a former women's college that went coed.
D)  A list of all the reasons given by first-year students for selecting the college they currently attend.
E)  All of these choices employ the nomothetic model of explanation.

Question 6

Cohorts are defined by year of birth only.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Once you have a well-defined purpose for your study and a clear description of the kinds of outcomes you want to achieve,the next step in your research design is

Accepted Answer

A)  population and sampling.
B)  choice of research method.
C)  conceptualization.
D)  operationalization.
E)  conducting a literature review C

Question 8

The purpose of the literature review is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  define the sample and population of interest
B)  outline the research method to be used
C)  analyze data
D)  familiarize the reader about the topic and what is known about it
E)  apply the result of research to the world

Question 9

Criminologists often examine the relationship between supervision and delinquency.When they do so,they might examine Table A or Table B.

Table A illustrates a ________ condition; and Table B illustrates a _______ condition.

Accepted Answer

A)  necessary; necessary
B)  necessary; sufficient
C)  sufficient; necessary
D)  sufficient; sufficient

Question 10

Andrew studied family conflict as portrayed in the media by reading letters to advice columns.What was his unit of analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  individuals
B)  groups
C)  organizations
D)  artifacts
E)  media

Question 11

Descriptive research answers the question "What's so?" and explanatory research answers the question "Why?"

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

For a causal relationship to exist there must be evidence

Accepted Answer

A)  of an empirical correlation between the variables.
B)  that one variable precedes the other in time.
C)  that a third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables.
D)  that one variable precedes the other in time and that the two variables are correlated.
E)  that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious.

Question 13

Causality can be established by only proving correlation and nonspuriousness

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Research studies that follow the same people at different times,collecting data at specified intervals,are what kind of study?

Accepted Answer

A)  cohort
B)  cross-sectional
C)  panel
D)  trend
E)  spurious

Question 15

Committing the error of reductionism is most closely tied to the selection of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothesis.
B)  longitudinal study.
C)  descriptive study.
D)  action focus.
E)  theoretical paradigm.

Question 16

A single U.S.Census exemplifies a

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional study.
B)  panel study.
C)  time series study.
D)  trend study.
E)  longitudinal study.

Question 17

Professor Stone designs a study to examine the effect of a teenage pregnancy on young women's career choices.Stone wants to interview a sample of teenage women during their pregnancy,after the baby's birth,and once a year after that for a ten year period.Stone is using a

Accepted Answer

A)  cross sectional design.
B)  trend study.
C)  cohort study.
D)  panel study.
E)  experimental study.

Question 18

Mr.Smith found that males and females were equally likely to support his political platform.Smith correctly concludes that there is a correlation between gender and support for his platform.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 19

Cindy established that gender came before voting in her study of adults in her city,so the time order was clear.She also ruled out the effects of age,religiosity,and other "third" variables.Which criterion for causality remains for her to establish?

Accepted Answer

A)  that no serious ethical violations have occurred
B)  that no serious political violations have occurred
C)  that the unit of analysis is appropriate
D)  that the variables are correlated
E)  that a causal relationship exists

Question 20

Ricardo studied married couples in order to see if length of marriage affected the nature and quality of communication patterns.Which unit of analysis did he use?

Accepted Answer

A)  individual
B)  group
C)  organization
D)  social artifact
E)  communication patterns

Exam 4: Research Design

A researcher focuses on the ________when faced with the question "From whom or what will the information be gathered?"

Correct Answer
verified

Why is the time element important in research designs? Describe designs that make different use of the time element.Give examples of research studies employing the different designs.

Research designs are descriptive,explanatory,or exploratory-never more than one.

Correct Answer
verified

The nomothetic model of explanation is probabilistic in its approach to causation.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following employs the nomothetic model of explanation?

Correct Answer
verified

Cohorts are defined by year of birth only.

Correct Answer
verified

Once you have a well-defined purpose for your study and a clear description of the kinds of outcomes you want to achieve,the next step in your research design is

Correct Answer
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C

The purpose of the literature review is to:

Correct Answer
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Criminologists often examine the relationship between supervision and delinquency.When they do so,they might examine Table A or Table B. Table A illustrates a __ condition; and Table B illustrates a _ condition.

Correct Answer
verified

Andrew studied family conflict as portrayed in the media by reading letters to advice columns.What was his unit of analysis?

Correct Answer
verified

Descriptive research answers the question "What's so?" and explanatory research answers the question "Why?"

Correct Answer
verified

For a causal relationship to exist there must be evidence

Correct Answer
verified

Causality can be established by only proving correlation and nonspuriousness

Correct Answer
verified

Research studies that follow the same people at different times,collecting data at specified intervals,are what kind of study?

Correct Answer
verified

Committing the error of reductionism is most closely tied to the selection of a(n)

Correct Answer
verified

A single U.S.Census exemplifies a

Correct Answer
verified

Professor Stone designs a study to examine the effect of a teenage pregnancy on young women's career choices.Stone wants to interview a sample of teenage women during their pregnancy,after the baby's birth,and once a year after that for a ten year period.Stone is using a

Correct Answer
verified

Mr.Smith found that males and females were equally likely to support his political platform.Smith correctly concludes that there is a correlation between gender and support for his platform.

Correct Answer
verified
False

Cindy established that gender came before voting in her study of adults in her city,so the time order was clear.She also ruled out the effects of age,religiosity,and other "third" variables.Which criterion for causality remains for her to establish?

Correct Answer
verified

Ricardo studied married couples in order to see if length of marriage affected the nature and quality of communication patterns.Which unit of analysis did he use?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 4: Research Design

A researcher focuses on the ________when faced with the question "From whom or what will the information be gathered?"

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is the time element important in research designs? Describe designs that make different use of the time element.Give examples of research studies employing the different designs.

Research designs are descriptive,explanatory,or exploratory-never more than one.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The nomothetic model of explanation is probabilistic in its approach to causation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following employs the nomothetic model of explanation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cohorts are defined by year of birth only.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Once you have a well-defined purpose for your study and a clear description of the kinds of outcomes you want to achieve,the next step in your research design is

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The purpose of the literature review is to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Criminologists often examine the relationship between supervision and delinquency.When they do so,they might examine Table A or Table B. Table A illustrates a ________ condition; and Table B illustrates a _______ condition.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Andrew studied family conflict as portrayed in the media by reading letters to advice columns.What was his unit of analysis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Descriptive research answers the question "What's so?" and explanatory research answers the question "Why?"

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For a causal relationship to exist there must be evidence

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causality can be established by only proving correlation and nonspuriousness

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research studies that follow the same people at different times,collecting data at specified intervals,are what kind of study?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Committing the error of reductionism is most closely tied to the selection of a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A single U.S.Census exemplifies a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Professor Stone designs a study to examine the effect of a teenage pregnancy on young women's career choices.Stone wants to interview a sample of teenage women during their pregnancy,after the baby's birth,and once a year after that for a ten year period.Stone is using a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mr.Smith found that males and females were equally likely to support his political platform.Smith correctly concludes that there is a correlation between gender and support for his platform.

Correct AnswerverifiedFalse

Cindy established that gender came before voting in her study of adults in her city,so the time order was clear.She also ruled out the effects of age,religiosity,and other "third" variables.Which criterion for causality remains for her to establish?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ricardo studied married couples in order to see if length of marriage affected the nature and quality of communication patterns.Which unit of analysis did he use?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

Correct Answer
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Criminologists often examine the relationship between supervision and delinquency.When they do so,they might examine Table A or Table B. Table A illustrates a __ condition; and Table B illustrates a _ condition.

Correct Answer
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False

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