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______ are an individual's power to think intelligently and to analyze situations and data effectively.

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A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called


A) hypervigilance.
B) ethics.
C) self-reactions.
D) rationalizations.
E) escalations of commitment.

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What information condition lies between certainty and uncertainty in making decisions?


A) Risk
B) Rationalization
C) Problem solving
D) Decision rules
E) Guesswork

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Ethical dilemmas for managers may center on all of the following EXCEPT:


A) direct personal gain.
B) indirect personal gain.
C) risk propensity.
D) simple personal preferences.
E) none of the above are true.

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Answers to unique questions or issues are identified during problem solving required in nonprogrammed decisions.

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The decision-making conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk are relevant while the decision maker is


A) stating the situational goal.
B) identifying the problem.
C) evaluating alternatives.
D) generating alternatives.
E) determining the decision type.

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Compare and contrast the classifications of programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. Give an example of each type of decision.

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Programmed decisions and nonprogrammed d...

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Managers who are cautious and try to adhere to the rational decision-making model


A) are more likely to make mistakes.
B) infrequently make decisions that lead to big losses.
C) have a higher risk propensity than other managers.
D) rely heavily on intuition.
E) reach to their decisions quickly.

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Prospect theory argues that when people make decisions under conditions of certainty they are more motivated to avoid losses than they are to seek gains.

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______ decisions generally require the decision maker to exercise judgment and creativity.

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The behavioral model focuses on human behaviors and tendencies when evaluating the decision-making process.

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Match the following: -bounded rationality


A) doubt about a choice that has been made
B) a spontaneous breakthrough
C) ideas mature and develop
D) see differences between situations, phenomena, or events
E) beliefs constituting right and wrong
F) choosing from several alternatives
G) assumes bounded rationality
H) new perspectives on existing ideas
I) require problem solving
J) doubt about a decision already made
K) decision rules available
L) lacks enough information
M) cannot deal with all the information
N) finding the answer to a question
O) usually the first stage in creative process
P) solution meets minimal requirements
Q) alternative action if unexpected disruption
R) persistence in an ineffective plan
S) innate belief about something
T) informal alliance of individuals or groups

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In situations where the information condition is _______, the decision maker knows all outcomes and makes the decision on the basis of the highest payoff.

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A nonprogrammed decision usually recurs often enough for decision rules to be developed.

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Match the following: -programmed decisions


A) doubt about a choice that has been made
B) a spontaneous breakthrough
C) ideas mature and develop
D) see differences between situations, phenomena, or events
E) beliefs constituting right and wrong
F) choosing from several alternatives
G) assumes bounded rationality
H) new perspectives on existing ideas
I) require problem solving
J) doubt about a decision already made
K) decision rules available
L) lacks enough information
M) cannot deal with all the information
N) finding the answer to a question
O) usually the first stage in creative process
P) solution meets minimal requirements
Q) alternative action if unexpected disruption
R) persistence in an ineffective plan
S) innate belief about something
T) informal alliance of individuals or groups

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________ is knowingly accepting less than the best possible outcome.

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Roger purchases stock in a public company and he refuses to sell it even after repeated drops in the original price he paid for the stock. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock in anticipation of making a profit, and has decided to keep the stock in the face of increasing losses. Roger is suffering from


A) organizational delusion.
B) problem misidentification.
C) escalation of commitment.
D) groupthink.
E) self-reactions.

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In practice, decision makers use rational approach to make the tough day-to-day decisions.

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Decision making is


A) finding the answer to a question.
B) choosing one alternative from among several.
C) staffing positions within the organizational hierarchy.
D) motivating employees to pursue organizational goals.
E) fixing problems that arise in the operations of the business.

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As a CEO of Toddle Toys, Inc. (TTI), RaShaya's recent decision about which company her conglomerate TTI was to buy can be considered a programmed decision.

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