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____________ refers to the temporary support that parents,teachers,and others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.


A) Laddering
B) Constructing
C) Scaffolding
D) Supporting

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A good theory develops __________,which can then be tested by research.


A) data
B) hypotheses
C) findings
D) facts

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Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated principles developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child's mental processes?


A) organization
B) adaptation
C) equilibration
D) unconscious processing

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Two important learning theories are____________ and_______________.


A) behaviorism;cognitive therapy
B) social learning theory;operant conditioning
C) social learning theory;psychoanalytic theory
D) psychoanalytic theory;cognitive theory

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Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be ___________.


A) increased
B) decreased
C) punished
D) learned permanently

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Psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process in which children learn through social


A) cognition.
B) status.
C) learning.
D) interaction.

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Professor Bailey watches Tehra closely through a one-way mirror as she participates in her social studies class.This is an example of what research method?


A) Clinical study
B) Case study
C) Naturalistic observation
D) Laboratory observation

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Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed


A) cognition.
B) behavioral analysis.
C) social learning.
D) self-efficacy.

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An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be


A) an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
B) a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.
C) a 10-year-old learning to read fluently.
D) a teenager conforming to peer pressure.

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Sociocultural theory,developed by __________,stresses children's active involvement with their environment as the process by which they acquire cognitive skills.


A) Urie Bronfenbrenner
B) Jean Piaget
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Margaret Mead

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"If children learn aggression from models,then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows." This is an example of a


A) theory.
B) finding.
C) hypothesis.
D) conclusion.

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Each of Erikson's stages involved a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time.Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.


A) traumas
B) crises
C) stages
D) phases

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According to the __________ perspective,development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed in interaction with the environment.


A) environmental
B) contextual
C) interactive
D) behavioral

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Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with observational studies?


A) They cannot determine cause and effect relationships.
B) The subjects may behave differently when they know they are being observed.
C) It is not possible to gain information regarding relationships between variables.
D) Laboratory studies may not generalize to real life.

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Which type of study is time-consuming,expensive,and has problems associated with attrition?


A) Longitudinal
B) Cross-sectional
C) Interview
D) Clinical

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Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.


A) Socratic
B) clinical
C) field observation
D) interview

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Dr.Berry,who employs the ecological approach to human development,is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school.Dr.Berry is studying development at the __________ level of environmental influence.


A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

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Dr.Charles is interested in how certain behaviors such as smiling helps to bond parents and ensure a child's survival.Dr.Charles is interested in the ______ perspective.


A) psychoanalytical
B) evolutional
C) cognitive
D) learning

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Unlike Freud's theory,Erikson's theory of psychosocial development


A) sees society as a positive force.
B) focuses on biological instincts.
C) covers infancy and childhood but not adulthood.
D) has much in common with behaviorism.

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The primary difference between a naturalistic observation and a laboratory observation is the degree of


A) manipulation.
B) control.
C) involvement.
D) There is no difference.

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