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What is the first stage in the infectious process?


A) Invasion
B) Colonization
C) Spread
D) Multiplication

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Endotoxins are contained in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

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Which secretion transmits human immunodeficiency syndrome?


A) Sweat
B) Urine
C) Saliva
D) Breast milk

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Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once. -Produces a "self" coat by binding to the antigens


A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Mycoses
D) Fungi

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Match the microorganism with its characteristics. Answers may be used more than once. -A fungal infection such as ringworm


A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Mycoses
D) Fungi

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Match term with its definition. -Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host


A) Toxigenicity
B) Infectivity
C) Pathogenicity
D) Virulence

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Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer (NK) cells actively attack?


A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Mycoplasma

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Match term with its definition. -Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms or micrograms of toxin required to kill the host


A) Toxigenicity
B) Infectivity
C) Pathogenicity
D) Virulence

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After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for _____ months.


A) 1 to 2
B) 6 to 14
C) 18 to 20
D) 24 to 36

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Colonization is the first stage of infection.

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Which statement about vaccines is true?


A) Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
B) Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
C) Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection.
D) Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against viruses, bacteria, and fungal infections.

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HIV antibodies appear within ______ weeks after infection through blood products.


A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 24

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Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do neutrophils actively attack, engulf, and destroy by phagocytosis?


A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Mycoplasma

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Which are characteristics of exotoxins?


A) They are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
B) They are released during the lysis of bacteria.
C) They can initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.
D) They are released during bacterial growth.

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Match term with its definition. -The ability of an agent to produce disease


A) Toxigenicity
B) Infectivity
C) Pathogenicity
D) Virulence

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All viruses have a protein receptor-binding site on their surface that adheres to specific binding site on the host cell.

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