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Which of the following is true of grapevines?


A) Studies show that grapevines are highly inaccurate sources of information.
B) They rarely involve any form of physical interaction and are discreet to a large extent.
C) Research shows that grapevines are slower than formal communication channels.
D) They arise out of informal communication networks such as the gossip or cluster chains.

Correct Answer

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A similarity between retention and interpretation is that:


A) both are highly objective processes.
B) both always take place involuntarily.
C) both are unaffected by an individual's preferences and beliefs.
D) both are affected by perceptual filters.

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When Mark was told that his favorite shoe store would no longer stock his favorite brand of sneakers, he assumed that the shoe manufacturer was no longer manufacturing sneakers, even though that was not the case. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.


A) closure
B) kinesics
C) social loafing
D) structural accommodation

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Sam and Dean are graphic designers at Warren Corp. As part of their work, they often coordinate with each other. In this scenario, Sam and Dean engage in _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) vertical communication

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Nonverbal communication is not informative.

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Bono Group, a textile company, is moving its head office to another city. The top-level executives send out mass emails to communicate this message to all its employees. In the context of formal communication channels, this scenario illustrates _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) lateral communication

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In the context of the perception process, which of the following is a difference between attention and retention?


A) Attention is the process of incorporating new information into our existing knowledge, whereas retention is the process of attaching meaning to new knowledge.
B) Retention of information is not affected by perceptual filters, whereas attention to information is affected by perceptual filters.
C) Retention is the process of memorizing information after we have perceived something, whereas attention is the process of noticing, or becoming aware of, particular stimuli.
D) Attention is an involuntary process, whereas retention is a voluntary process.

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Dylan regularly buys the Rolling Stone magazine. The store from which he purchases the magazine informs him that it would not sell any Rolling Stone magazines for a couple of months. Dylan assumed that the magazine was halting production for some time, which was not the case. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.


A) closure
B) kinesics
C) social loafing
D) structural accommodation

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Nathan, a sales executive, drafts an email to communicate his weekly sales report to his manager. In the context of the communication process, Nathan is engaging in _____.


A) encoding
B) cognitive mapping
C) decoding
D) selective filtering

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Xanat is grief-stricken after the death of her mother. Consequently, her productivity at work is suffering. Humberto, her supervisor, calls her for a meeting to discuss her deteriorating performance. Xanat tells him that she is finding it difficult to concentrate at work after her mother's death. Humberto recommends that Xanat should seek help from the company's Employee Assistance Program. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.


A) closure
B) counseling
C) coaching
D) orientation

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A multinational corporation realized that it needed to cut costs in order to compensate for the financial losses that it was facing. Among other measures, it decided to discontinue reimbursements for transportation, despite all the grievances put forward by the employees to the managers regarding the issue. As a result, employees commuting long distances to get to work became resentful toward the management and started showing their discontentment by taking longer breaks and frequent leaves. In this context, which of the following would most likely have reduced the dissatisfaction of workers?


A) Empathetic listening
B) Perceptual filtering
C) Reactive communication
D) Selective attention

Correct Answer

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In the context of the ways in which a company can improve "company-wide communication," _____ are phone numbers that anyone in the company can call anonymously to leave information for upper management.


A) business tractions
B) corporate bonds
C) company statutes
D) company hotlines

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Because of perceptual filters, _____.


A) people organize and interpret what they pay attention to in the same manner
B) the beliefs of people do not influence the meaning they attach to new information
C) people attend to some stimuli and not others
D) people are unlikely to incorporate new knowledge that is consistent with what they already know

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Unlike upward communication, horizontal communication:


A) is usually seen in organizations with centralized authority.
B) helps higher-level managers assess organizational performance and effectiveness.
C) helps people at the same organizational level resolve conflicts without involving high levels of management.
D) encourages those at lower levels in an organization to share their concerns with higher-level authorities.

Correct Answer

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The senior management of BonusOne Bank formulates a new set of strategic plans for the next financial year and conveys it to the middle management. The middle management, in turn, conveys the same to their respective subordinates. In the context of communication channels, the given scenario illustrates _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

Correct Answer

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Identify a difference between the defensive bias and the fundamental attribution error.


A) The defensive bias is typically used by workers, whereas the fundamental attribution error is typically made by managers.
B) Unlike the fundamental attribution error, the defensive bias is the tendency to ignore the causes of behavior that are beyond the control of the individual.
C) Unlike the defensive bias, the fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty.
D) The fundamental attribution error involves the use of external attributions, whereas the defensive bias involves the use of internal attributions.

Correct Answer

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_____ are the personality-, psychology-, or experience-based differences that influence people to ignore or pay attention to particular stimuli.


A) Orienting reflexes
B) Kinesics
C) Proxemics
D) Perceptual filters

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Munchkin is a popular baby clothing brand. The founder of the company, Isabel, conducts a brainstorming session with her employees every week in order to come up with new ideas to expand the brand. One of her employees suggests that Munchkin should add baby footwear to its collection. In this case, the employee's suggestion is an example of _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

Correct Answer

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Devin, a junior sales coordinator, is resigning from his job. He writes an email to the top-level officials of his company and expresses his gratitude toward them for providing him with a fulfilling on-the-job experience. In this case, Devin is engaging in _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

Correct Answer

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In the context of the basic perception process, _____ is the process of incorporating new information into your existing knowledge.


A) attention
B) retention
C) organization
D) interpretation

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