Question 1

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   examine relationships between early and later behaviors
B)   collect a large amount of data in a short time span
C)   explore similarities among children of different cohorts
D)   study participants differing in age at the same point in time

Question 2

Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.

Accepted Answer

A)   practice
B)   cross-sectional
C)   dropout
D)   cohort

Question 3

Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development,they share a single goal: to identify __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   genetic factors that contribute to longevity
B)   environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness
C)   those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents
D)   those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

Question 4

An experimental design __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   allows researchers to gather information in natural life circumstances without altering the participants' experiences
B)   looks at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development
C)   permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment conditions
D)   has one major limitation: researchers cannot infer cause and effect

Question 5

Dr.Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies.Which method is best suited for this type of research?

Accepted Answer

A)   naturalistic observation
B)   clinical interview
C)   case study
D)   structured interview

Question 6

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs,investigators sometimes use __________ designs,in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

Accepted Answer

A)   sequential
B)   experimental
C)   correlational
D)   quasi-experimental

Question 7

In field experiments,researchers __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   selectively assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
B)   cannot used random assignment or manipulate treatment conditions
C)   randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
D)   have stronger control over the treatment than in the laboratory

Question 8

A major strength of the clinical interview is that it __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
B)   can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period
C)   is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
D)   allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings

Question 9

According to operant conditioning theory,__________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
B)   normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
C)   the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
D)   the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Question 10

Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development
B)   overestimate people's contributions to their own development
C)   offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences
D)   overemphasize each individual's unique life history

Question 11

One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   underestimates the individual's contribution to his or her own development
B)   ignores transformation in adulthood, concluding that no major cognitive changes occur after adolescence
C)   underestimates the competencies of infants and preschoolers, focusing on older children and adolescents
D)   is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory

Question 12

Describe the exosystem as it exists in Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Accepted Answer

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecolo...

Question 13

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychoanalytic
B)   information-processing
C)   psychosocial
D)   social learning

Question 14

Describe the role that Arnold Gesell played in the study of human development.

Accepted Answer

Inspired by the work of Charles Darwin,A...

Question 15

Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood,had divorced parents,and rarely saw her father,she is a successful,happy,and healthy adult.Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   assimilation
B)   resilience
C)   age-graded development
D)   multidimensional development

Question 16

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children.Jade was using __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   naturalistic observation
B)   ethnography
C)   self-reports
D)   structured observation

Question 17

Bernadette,a participant in a longitudinal study,became quite familiar with the test over time and,as a result,her performance improved.This limitation of longitudinal research is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   biased sampling
B)   practice effects
C)   random assignment
D)   cohort effects

Question 18

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   change in response to influential experiences is possible
B)   heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior
C)   individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages
D)   early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior

Question 19

In an experiment,the independent variable __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable
B)   is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
C)   cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher
D)   is the number that describes how two measures are associated with each other

Question 20

Arnold Gesell __________

Accepted Answer

A)   was among the first to write child-rearing books for parents
B)   is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement
C)   foreshadowed lifespan research by writing a book on aging
D)   constructed the first successful intelligence test

Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Describe the role that Arnold Gesell played in the study of human development.

Correct AnswerverifiedInspired by the work of Charles Darwin,A...View AnswerShow Answer

A major strength of the clinical interview is that it __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children.Jade was using __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to operant conditioning theory,__________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center.Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment,the independent variable __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An experimental design __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In field experiments,researchers __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Arnold Gesell __________

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bernadette,a participant in a longitudinal study,became quite familiar with the test over time and,as a result,her performance improved.This limitation of longitudinal research is known as __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dr.Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies.Which method is best suited for this type of research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development,they share a single goal: to identify __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the exosystem as it exists in Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Correct AnswerverifiedAccording to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecolo...View AnswerShow Answer

Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood,had divorced parents,and rarely saw her father,she is a successful,happy,and healthy adult.Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One criticism of the information-processing approach is that it __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs,investigators sometimes use __________ designs,in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Inspired by the work of Charles Darwin,A...
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According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecolo...
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Correct Answer
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