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Exam 12: Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

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Question 1

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RESEARCH STUDY 12.1 Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale) . -Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.This type of design is known as a/an:

A) Interrupted time-series design
B) Nonequivalent control group design
C) Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design
D) Reversal design
E) Stable-baseline design

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RESEARCH QUESTION 12.4 Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/ appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale, where higher scores indicate higher body concerns). -Refer to Research Study 12.4 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.Based on the results below,explain whether Dr.Fletcher should be concerned about a history threat to internal validity.

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List three small-N designs and explain how these designs address maturation.

Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity?

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1 Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale) . -Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.Doing this would help Dr.Fletcher address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT:

RESEARCH STUDY 12.5 Layne is trying to watch less television. Her friend Ryan is a psychologist who agrees to help her. He creates a treatment plan that involves giving Layne $5 for every day that she watches fewer than 90 minutes of television. He monitors her television watching for 3 days, treats her for 3 days and monitors her, and then just monitors her for 3 more days. -Refer to Research Study 12.5 above to answer the following question. Imagine that Ryan and Layne's study finds the following pattern of results.Explain why the data below are especially convincing because of the second baseline/reversal.Name a specific threat that these data address.

Explain why quasi-experiments offer a trade-off between internal validity and external validity.

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1 Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale) . -Refer to Research Study 12.1 above to answer the following question. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority,Dr.Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority.After conducting the study,Dr.Fletcher finds out that the people who joined a fraternity/sorority all saw a documentary on body image sponsored by the InterGreek Council the night before recruitment began.This threat to internal validity is known as a:

Provide a reason a researcher might want to conduct a small-N design.Provide a reason why a researcher might want to avoid conducting a small-N design.

Which of the following is a within-groups quasi-experimental design?

RESEARCH STUDY 12.2 Dr. LaGuardia is a cognitive neuroscientist who is interested in the effect of brain concussions on the ability to recognize faces. He conducts a quasi-experimental study in which he examines football players before and after the regular season, using the Benton Facial Recognition Test (a published, widely used measure of one's ability to recognize faces) to compare those who received concussions to those who did not. He finds that players who had concussions during the regular season performed worse on the Benton Facial Recognition Test than did players who did not experience concussions. -Refer to Research Study 12.2 above to answer the following question. In interrogating the construct validity of Dr.LaGuardia's study,which of the following statements is accurate?

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3 Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with a client (W. J.) who is a male planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner) . She is curious as to whether a food journal will help reduce the number of calories. A food journal is a book in which a person writes down everything he or she eats. She decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only being used at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6) . During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. Each day, Dr. Anderson's client sends her the food journal and the number of calories he ate at each meal (as calculated by his wife, whose help she enlisted) . The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. -Refer to Research Study 12.3 above to answer the following question. Which of the following allows Dr.Anderson to conclude that keeping a food journal caused weight loss in W.J.?

If a researcher is concerned about external validity,which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs?

Which of the following CANNOT typically be applied to a small-N experiment?

In conducting quasi-experimental designs,researchers tend to give up some ________ in exchange for ________.

In small-N designs,each participant is treated:

Why do quasi-experiments tend to have very good construct validity for the independent variable?

Which of the following is NOT a small-N design?

Which of the following designs has elements of both a within-group design and an independent-groups design?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs?