A) a chargeless and almost massless particle
B) the nucleus of a helium atom
C) a positive electron
D) the nucleus of a hydrogen atom
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A) The new detectors are smaller and thus can be built more cheaply.
B) The new detectors can be tuned to detect neutrinos of any energy.
C) The new detectors are able to detect all three neutrino types, not just those originally emitted from the Sun.
D) The new detectors are in orbit above our atmosphere, thus avoiding the loss of neutrinos absorbed in Earth's atmosphere.
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A) balance of gas pressure outward and magnetic forces inward
B) balance of gravity inward and gas pressure outward
C) creation of one helium nucleus for the "destruction" of every four hydrogen nuclei
D) balance of gas pressure inward and heat outward
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A) It was found that the detection system was faulty and missed many neutrinos it should have counted.
B) The energy of the neutrinos to be detected had been miscalculated, and different detectors were required to detect neutrinos in the correct range.
C) The basic physics of the emission of neutrinos in nuclear reactions had been misunderstood, and the predicted number was incorrect.
D) On the way from the Sun to Earth, the neutrino beam changes to a mixture of three types of neutrinos, only one of which was being detected.
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A) two rotations of the Sun.
B) one rotation of the Sun.
C) one day.
D) one-half rotation of the Sun.
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A) This is the boundary where the temperature drops between the photosphere and the interior.
B) This is the boundary where the temperature drops again moving from the photosphere to the chromosphere.
C) This is the boundary where the temperature drops from the chromospheres to the cold of outer space.
D) This is where the temperature climbs sharply in moving from the chromosphere to the corona.
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A) In that year the sunspots were considerably hotter than usual
B) The typical age of a sunspot is considerably longer than usual.
C) Most of the sunspots in that year occurred at middle latitudes.
D) The sunspots seen in that year were much larger than average.
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A) intense emission lines from highly ionized atoms, such as iron
B) bright emission from the hydrogen Balmer line, Hα, at the red end of the spectrum
C) intense continuous emission in the infrared part of the spectrum
D) dark absorption lines from hydrogen, calcium, and iron on a continuous bright spectrum
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A) The chromosphere is always completely covered by supergranules.
B) Supergranules cover most but not all of the chromospheres.
C) At any one time, a few hundred supergranules exist and cover a few percent of the chromospheres.
D) Supergranules are rare and only appear during the height of the solar cycle maximum.
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A) over single, isolated, but large sunspots.
B) along the solar equator at positions aligned with Jupiter's position; they are caused by tidal disturbance on the Sun.
C) within solar coronal holes, from which the solar wind originates.
D) in or above complex sunspot groups.
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A) split by the Zeeman effect due to the strong magnetic fields in the granule.
B) always redshifted because granules are caused by gas descending into the Sun from higher layers.
C) redshifted near the center of the granule and blueshifted near the edge of the granule.
D) blueshifted near the center of the granule and redshifted near the edge of the granule.
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A) The photosphere at the edge of the Sun's surface is cooler than it is in the middle of the Sun's surface.
B) The limb of the Sun is darker than the center because sunspots collect along the limb.
C) Light reaching us from the limb of the Sun originates in the higher, cooler layers of the Sun.
D) Convection within the Sun is more efficient laterally than it is vertically with the result that the middle latitude regions of the Sun's surface are hotter than the poles.
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A) The solar wind has a tail of solar wind gases that extends outside the heliosphere.
B) The isotope abundances in the solar wind and in Earth's atmosphere are not identical.
C) Neon in layers under the Moon's surface have been altered by being bombarded by radiation from space.
D) The Sun has maintained a relatively constant temperature for a long period.
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A) spread uniformly throughout the Sun
B) in the convective zone
C) in the photosphere
D) in the inner core
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A) differential rotation of the Sun.
B) nuclear fusion processes occurring just below the surface.
C) magnetic field disturbances above the solar surface.
D) convective currents carrying heat from beneath the surface.
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A) regular 5-minute oscillations and fluctuations of the surface.
B) the spectrum and behavior of a sunspot, whose roots are deep inside the Sun.
C) the progress of a solar-impacting comet.
D) physical conditions in the deep interior, using a spacecraft that penetrated into the Sun.
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A) solar pulsation.
B) magnetic dynamo.
C) helioseismic.
D) Zeeman.
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A) a few months
B) here today, gone tomorrow!
C) 11 years
D) from a few years to a few decades
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A) heavy nuclei, such as uranium
B) positive electrons, or positrons
C) helium nuclei
D) almost massless and very penetrating neutrinos
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A) a plage near the end of its life, when it is fading away
B) a prominence seen in silhouette against the photosphere
C) a dark sunspot that has been stretched by solar differential rotation
D) a spicule seen in profile near the edge of the Sun's limb
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