A) cooperation
B) competition
C) fairness
D) power
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C
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The ultimatum game is a standard tool used in economic experiments to analyze how individuals split a sum of money (or any benefit) between themselves and another participant. The basic premise involves two players: the proposer, who is given a sum of money and must offer a portion to the second player, the responder. The responder can either accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, the money is split according to the proposal. If the offer is rejected, both players receive nothing.
Reputation can significantly affect the dynamics and outcomes of the ultimatum game. Here are several ways in which reputation might play a role:
1. **Expectations of Fairness**: If a proposer has a reputation for being fair, the responder might expect a more equitable offer. Conversely, if the proposer is known for being selfish or unfair, the responder might be more inclined to reject a low offer, anticipating that it is the best they can get from such an individual.
2. **Future Interactions**: In repeated or ongoing interactions where players' reputations can be built and maintained, proposers might make more generous offers to maintain a good reputation. This is because a good reputation can lead to more favorable outcomes in future games or negotiations.
3. **Social Norms and Pressure**: In scenarios where the ultimatum game is played in a social context, the reputation of being a fair or generous individual might be important to a proposer. The fear of damaging one's social standing might lead to more equitable offers.
4. **Punishment and Reward**: Responders might use the rejection option as a form of punishment for proposers with a bad reputation or as a way to enforce social norms. Conversely, they might accept lower offers from individuals with a good reputation as a form of reward or acknowledgment of past behavior.
5. **Strategic Behavior**: Players with a reputation for strategic behavior might be more unpredictable in their offers. Responders might be more cautious in rejecting offers from such individuals, knowing that the proposer is capable of making a better offer if the game is repeated.
6. **Trust and Reciprocity**: A proposer with a reputation for being trustworthy might be more likely to receive acceptance of their offers, as responders believe that the proposer is genuinely trying to be fair and expects reciprocity in future interactions.
7. **Inequality Aversion**: If a proposer is known to dislike inequality, they might make more generous offers to avoid a situation where they are seen as contributing to an unfair distribution of resources. Responders aware of this might be more lenient in their acceptance threshold.
In summary, reputation can affect the ultimatum game by influencing the expectations and behaviors of both the proposer and the responder. It can lead to more generous offers, higher acceptance rates, and overall more cooperative behavior, especially when the game is played in a context where future interactions are expected or where social norms and pressures are present.
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A) standard economic model
B) behavioral economics
C) loss aversion
D) bounded rationality
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A) the Prisoner's Dilemma
B) the Ultimatum game
C) rational economic thinking
D) prospect theory
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A) rational economic thinking
B) prospect theory
C) bounded rationality
D) game theory
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The ultimatum game is a popular experime...View Answer
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A) contrasts
B) extends
C) limits
D) mirrors
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A) independent decision-making
B) interdependent decision-making
C) fairness that is quantified
D) supply chain economics
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Two friends, A and B, are both arrested ...View Answer
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A) the boundary between Aria's rational and irrational economic thought
B) the natural cognitive limits of Aria's ability to make a rational economic decision
C) how Aria makes predictable mistakes when weighing outcomes and probabilities
D) how Aria uses the standard economic model in practice
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A) motivates people to work
B) minimizes tax revenues
C) stabilizes the economy
D) benefits suppliers of goods
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A) standard game theory
B) behavioral game theory
C) interdependent decision-making
D) Prisoner's dilemma
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The standard economic model and behavioral economics are two different approaches to understanding and explaining economic behavior.
The standard economic model, also known as neoclassical economics, is based on the assumption that individuals are rational and make decisions that maximize their utility. This model assumes that people have perfect information, make decisions based on self-interest, and have consistent preferences over time. It also assumes that markets are efficient and that individuals are able to make optimal choices given the available information.
On the other hand, behavioral economics incorporates insights from psychology and other social sciences to understand how individuals actually make decisions. It recognizes that people often deviate from the rational, self-interested behavior assumed in the standard economic model. Behavioral economics studies how cognitive biases, emotions, social influences, and other psychological factors can lead to irrational decision-making. It also explores how individuals may have limited willpower, be influenced by framing effects, and exhibit other forms of bounded rationality.
In contrast to the standard economic model, behavioral economics suggests that individuals may not always make optimal decisions and that markets may not always be efficient. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the context in which decisions are made and the impact of psychological factors on economic behavior.
Overall, while the standard economic model assumes rational decision-making and efficient markets, behavioral economics takes into account the complexities of human behavior and the limitations of rationality. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, and they can complement each other in providing a more comprehensive understanding of economic behavior.
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A) loss aversion
B) irrational economic thinking
C) bounded rationality
D) rational economic thinking
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