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Sensation seeking increases with age from childhood to adolescence and peaks in:


A) early childhood.
B) late adolescence.
C) mid-life.
D) late life.

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If the average degree of political orientation changes in a population-for example,if people tend to get increasingly conservative as they get older-then that population is displaying:


A) mean level change.
B) mean level stability.
C) rank order stability.
D) rank order change.

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Personality changes observed in individuals due to the social times in which they live are referred to as _____.


A) cohort effects
B) factor loadings
C) negative stability coefficients
D) longitudinal predictors

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In the context of mean level stability and change in adulthood,studies confirm that mean level personality traits _____ during adulthood.


A) do not change
B) change in slight,but nonetheless important,ways
C) change in moderate ways
D) change significantly

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Michael Kernis et al.(1991,1992) have suggested that self-esteem variability is related to the extent to which one's self-view can be influenced by:


A) one's ambition.
B) social events in particular.
C) the mean level of self-esteem.
D) the self-esteem of others in the environment.

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When people maintain their relative positions in a group over time,the group displays high:


A) mean level stability.
B) rank order stability.
C) personality coherence.
D) situational specificity.

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In a longitudinal study conducted by George Kelly and Conley (1987) ,which of the following aspects of personality proved to be the strongest predictor of marital dissatisfaction and divorce?


A) High levels of extraversion
B) Low levels of agreeableness
C) High levels of neuroticism
D) Low levels of conscientiousness

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Personality coherence is defined as predictable changes in:


A) the manifestations of personality factors over time.
B) the mean level stability of personality traits.
C) the personality score of an individual.
D) the effects of rank order stability over time.

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Children who cry when their mothers leave them are highly likely to have many short-lived relationships as adults.This illustrates _____.


A) mean level stability
B) mean level change
C) rank order stability
D) personality coherence

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D

According to Michael Kernis et al.(1991) ,self-esteem level is related to:


A) self-evaluation.
B) childhood temper tantrums.
C) depression.
D) activity level.

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In a longitudinal study of middle-aged couples spanning over an 11-year period,Avshalom Caspi and Herbener (1990) found that the people married to spouses who were highly similar to themselves:


A) showed signs of spirituality seeking in late life.
B) showed the most personality stability.
C) tended to use and abuse alcohol more than their peers.
D) tended to develop serious emotional problems later in life.

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Several studies suggest that the personality characteristics of autonomy,independence,and competence tend to _____,especially among women.


A) decrease with age
B) increase as people get older
C) remain the same regardless of the age
D) depend on one's marital status

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As a child,Maria was an excellent student and completed her homework on time.As an adult,she is a highly organized businesswoman and is able to meet project deadlines.This scenario most likely exemplifies:


A) personality coherence.
B) mean level reliability.
C) rank order stability.
D) mean level stability.

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During the depression era of the 1930s,women were expected to be _____.


A) sexually active
B) self-sufficient
C) passive
D) resilient

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Which of the following forms of personality development is NOT located at the group differences level of personality analysis?


A) Gender differences in the degree of empathy toward others
B) Cultural differences in coming-of-age rituals
C) Arousal differences that correlate with extraversion
D) Ethnic differences in body image satisfaction

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C

_____ is usually defined as the individual differences that emerge very early in life,are likely to have a heritable basis,and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.


A) Trait
B) Temperament
C) Personality development
D) Disposition

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Personality differences usually can be first observed in:


A) early infancy.
B) late infancy.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthooD.

Correct Answer

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In a longitudinal study of women from Mills College in the San Francisco bay area conducted by Helson and Wink (1992) ,the sample of educated women showed a consistent drop in femininity as they moved from their:


A) early fifties to their early sixties.
B) early twenties to their early thirties.
C) early thirties to their early forties.
D) early forties to their early fifties.

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D

According to Turiano et al.(2012) ,low levels of _____ are linked to substance abuse (prescription and illegal drugs) in mid-life.


A) agreeableness and conscientiousness
B) sensation seeking and impulsivity
C) extraversion and emotional stability
D) neuroticism and sensation seeking

Correct Answer

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Which of the following does NOT predict marital satisfaction?


A) Impulse control
B) Childhood temper tantrums
C) Neuroticism
D) Sensation seeking

Correct Answer

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