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Exam 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

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Question 21

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When mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen,a theoretical maximum of __________ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced.

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Question 22

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The catabolism of glucose begins with one or more of the glycolytic pathways that yield pyruvate.

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Question 23

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Most chemolithotrophs have electron transport chains that terminate with O₂ as the final electron acceptor.

In addition to being used in the making of ATP,proton motive force is used directly to power the rotation of bacterial flagella.

Processes that supply ATP,reducing power,and precursor metabolites are collectively referred to as ____________ reactions.

In most cases,fueling reactions are__________reactions.

The substances that donate electrons to the electron transport chains of chemolithotrophs are ___________.

In the process of fermentation an organic substrate,such as glucose,is reduced and an intermediate of the pathway,such as pyruvate,is oxidized.

During breakdown of fatty acids,carbons are removed __________ at a time with each turn of the cycle,and two carbon units are released as __________.

The hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __________ hypothesis.

Many chemolithotrophs are able to produce more ATP from oxidation of their inorganic energy source than chemoheterotrophs produce from the aerobic oxidation of glucose.

In order for a substance to transfer a phosphate to ADP in a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction,which of the following must be true?

The number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to O₂ is called the

All prokaryotic photosynthesizers are anoxygenic.

An organism can fit into only one nutritional pattern,such as photoheterotrophy,and cannot change if the environmental conditions change.

The electron transport systems in eukaryotes and prokaryotes use different electron carriers.

How many quanta of light are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate during photosynthesis?

A _________ hydrolyzes a protein into its constituent amino acid monomers and a ___________enzyme removes amino groups from the amino acids.

Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be processed as nutrients after first being cleaved to monosaccharides by either __________ or __________.

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in prokaryotes is