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Pretzels were first introduced as a salty snack. Later, the product was repositioned as a low-fat snack in order to


A) respond to a competitor's head-to-head positioning strategy.
B) reach a new market.
C) catch a rising trend.
D) change the value offered.
E) change its target audience.

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As product adopters, members of the early majority


A) have a fear of debt and use neighbors and friends as information sources.
B) are skeptical and have below average social status.
C) are deliberate and use many informal social contacts.
D) are leaders in social settings and have a slightly above average education.
E) are venturesome, highly educated, and use multiple information sources.

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In the late 1950s and 1960s, television westerns were extremely popular. These adventure shows had settings and costumes that were very unlike other shows of that time (comedy, variety, crime, etc.) . Popular programs included Gunsmoke, Bonanza, Wagon Train, The Big Valley, etc. When ratings declined as viewers gradually stopped watching this TV genre, production companies found the networks no longer wanted to produce and televise such shows. The television western was a product category that had entered the __________ stage of its product life cycle.


A) deletion
B) cancellation
C) decline
D) maturity
E) harvesting

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The sale of two or more separate products in one package is referred to as


A) a BOGO deal.
B) product modification.
C) product repositioning.
D) product bundling.
E) product differentiation.

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Which of the following is a characteristic of the growth stage of the product life cycle?


A) Advertising emphasis switches to primary demand.
B) The proportion of repeat purchasers to initial purchasers grows.
C) The number of distribution outlets shrinks due to growing inefficiencies.
D) Profit margins increase as sales increase.
E) No new product features are added to maximize profits.

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As product adopters, members of the late majority


A) have a fear of debt and use neighbors and friends as information sources.
B) are skeptical and have below average social status.
C) are deliberate and use many informal social contacts.
D) are leaders in social settings and have a slightly above average education.
E) are venturesome, highly educated, and use multiple information sources.

Correct Answer

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The lack of profit in the introductory stage of the product life cycle is very often the result of


A) pricing the product too low in an attempt to quickly gain market share.
B) targeting the wrong target market segment.
C) a lack of wholesaler support.
D) the large investment costs in product development.
E) ineffective execution of the marketing program.

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Some singers sing a great song that shoots to the top of the charts. The singers then go on tour and have sold-out concerts everywhere they appear. Just as quickly (particularly if they are unable to follow their first hit song with a second one) , they are singing in half-filled concert halls, then smaller clubs, and eventually no one wants to hear them perform. Such "one-hit wonder" singers are best categorized as being __________ products (or services) .


A) fad
B) low-learning
C) fashion
D) generalized
E) high-learning

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Which of the following statements about the introduction stage of the product life cycle is most accurate?


A) If a firm's product is especially good, efforts should be made to create selective demand rather than primary demand to allow the firm to distinguish itself from competitors.
B) During the introduction stage, it is best to avoid a skimming pricing strategy.
C) During the introduction stage, it is best to avoid a penetration pricing strategy.
D) A firm should introduce the identical product at several different price points in order to gauge customer price sensitivity.
E) Because of large initial investment costs, industry profits often go from negative to positive.

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Procter & Gamble repositioned its Old Spice antiperspirant brand from a deodorant your grandfather might use to a strong, hip antiperspirant through commercials that showed the target market of 18- to 30-year-old men advocating its use. P&G used this product repositioning strategy with its Old Spice brand antiperspirant to


A) react to a competitor's position.
B) catch a rising trend.
C) change the value offered.
D) diversify its product portfolio.
E) reach a new market.

Correct Answer

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The concept of the diffusion of innovation shows how a product "diffuses" or spreads through the population over time. The consumer population is divided into five categories of product adopters based on when they adopt (i.e., first buy) a new product. Each product adopter category has a unique profile. Consumers who have a fear of debt and depend on neighbors and friends as their information sources are called __________ product adopters.


A) innovators
B) early adopters
C) early majority
D) late majority
E) laggards

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Which of the following quotes from a new-product adopter would signal the need for a firm to counteract a risk barrier?


A) "It is against my religion."
B) "What if I can't make the monthly payments?"
C) "I don't want to try this if it means I have to swallow it with milk."
D) "Big deal, the only difference is the shape of the package."
E) "Sure I'll try it; why not!"

Correct Answer

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There is no set time that a product takes to move through its life cycle. But, as a rule,


A) services do not have a life cycle like products do.
B) consumer products have shorter life cycles than business products.
C) business products have shorter life cycles than consumer products.
D) technological change tends to lengthen product life cycles.
E) product life cycles are longer for ideas than for services.

Correct Answer

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A set of human characteristics associated with a brand name is referred to as


A) a symbolic brand.
B) a brand personality.
C) a brand psychographic.
D) brand personification.
E) product personification.

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Products such as Gatorade Xtremo, Gatorade X-Factor, and Gatorade Endurance Formula were introduced to appeal to


A) brand-conscious consumers.
B) PepsiCo, the new owner of Gatorade.
C) new groups of consumers.
D) consumer who were already loyal to the brand.
E) the trends for fads in the beverage category.

Correct Answer

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The three main benefits packaging provides to manufacturers, retailers, and consumers are communication benefits, perceptual benefits, and __________ benefits.


A) personal
B) functional
C) financial
D) societal
E) aesthetic

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The lemon-lime carbonated soft drink 7Up has been very successful in the United States. Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc., the maker of 7Up, uses a family branding strategy to market 7Up worldwide. In Shanghai, China, sales have suffered since the brand name means "death through drinking." When picking a good brand name, which criterion did Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc., violate when it chose to use a family branding strategy to market 7Up in China?


A) The name should have favorable phonetic and semantic associations in other languages.
B) The name should be simple.
C) The name should have no governmental restrictions.
D) The name should suggest the product's benefits.
E) The name should not be difficult to spell or pronounce.

Correct Answer

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Consumer advocates believe the practice of downsizing by consumer products firms has resulted in


A) lower product prices for consumers because of lower labor, raw material, and packaging costs.
B) a greener environment due to the reduction in the amount of packaging, thereby reducing the amount of waste disposed in landfills.
C) fewer product choices for consumers that led to rising prices.
D) keeping prices from rising in response to the psychological barriers consumers have developed for downsized products.
E) a subtle, deceptive, yet legal practice of disguising a price increase.

Correct Answer

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Prerecorded music an example of a __________, and digital music downloading and streaming are an example of a __________.


A) product line; product class
B) product class; product form
C) product family; product line
D) product brand; product line
E) product form; product class

Correct Answer

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Which of the following products has the brand name that best suggests its benefit according to the six criteria for selecting a good brand name?


A) Spam canned meat
B) Ken's salad dressing
C) Formula 409 cleaner
D) Match Light charcoal
E) Bayer aspirin

Correct Answer

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