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In bombarding atomic nuclei with proton "bullets," the protons must be accelerated to high energies to make contact with the target nuclei ________.


A) because the target nuclei are so small
B) because the target nuclei are negatively charged
C) in order to penetrate through the electrons that surround each target nucleus
D) because the target nuclei are positively charged

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Uranium-235 releases an average of 2.5 neutrons per fission, while plutonium-239 releases an average of 2.7 neutrons per fission. Which of these elements might you therefore expect to have the smaller critical mass?


A) plutonium-239
B) uranium-235
C) The number of neutrons per fission will not effect the size of critical mass.
D) The critical mass of these elements cannot be determined from only the number of neutrons per fission.

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Radioactivity is a tendency for an element or a material to ________.


A) emit radiation
B) emit light
C) emit electrons
D) glow in the dark
E) radiate heat

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Carbon-14 dating is fairly reliable for dating once-living materials that died up to ________.


A) 5000 years ago
B) 50,00 years ago
C) 250.000 years ago
D) 2.5 million years ago

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Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission?


A) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above U → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above Th + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above He
B) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above U → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above U + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above He
C) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above U → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above Pu + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above He
D) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above U → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes beta emission? A) U → Th + He B) U → U + He C) U → Pu + He D) U → He E) none of the above He
E) none of the above

Correct Answer

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Which of the following best describes an exothermic nuclear fission reaction?


A) The number of nucleons changes before and after the reaction.
B) The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants.
C) The energy released decreases with a greater loss of mass.
D) All of the above describe a fusion reaction.
E) None of the above describe a fusion reaction.

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Which of the beams is due to a high energy electron?


A) a
B) b
C) c
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

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If a fusion reaction produces no appreciable radioactive isotopes, why does a hydrogen bomb produce significant radioactive fallout?


A) The fallout is only the radioactive remnants of the bomb's structure and casing.
B) It is a misconception that fusion reactions produce no appreciable radioactive isotopes. Therefore, radioactive fallout is unavoidable.
C) The radioactive fallout is a result of the fission reaction used to ignite the thermonuclear fusion reaction.
D) Once a hydrogen bomb is exploded, all matter within nearly 100 miles becomes radioactive fallout.

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Which of the following provides the minimum amount of protection you need to block the following form of radiation? gamma


A) lead suit
B) suntan lotion
C) thick leather
D) T-shirt
E) none of the above

Correct Answer

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Why would you expect alpha particles to be less able to penetrate materials than beta particles of the same kinetic energy?


A) Alpha particles pick up electrons to become harmless helium atoms.
B) Alpha particles carry twice the electric charge.
C) Alpha particles move much slower for a given kinetic energy.
D) Two of the above answers are reasonable.

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How do fission power plants work?


A) The heat from a nuclear reaction is used to produce steam that drives a turbine.
B) The neutrons from a nuclear reaction undergo fusion with water to produce hydrogen gas, which drives a turbine.
C) The electrons from a nuclear reaction are harnessed to produce an electrical current.
D) The krypton gas generated in the fission process is used to drive a turbine.
E) The neutrons from a nuclear reaction undergo fusion with water to produce hydrogen gas, which is a combustible fuel.

Correct Answer

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The isotope Cesium-137, which has a half-life of 30 years, is a product of nuclear power plants. How long will it take for this isotope to decay to about one-sixteenth its original amount?


A) 480 years
B) 240 years
C) 120 years
D) 960 years

Correct Answer

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Radium-226 is a common isotope on Earth, but has a half-life of about 1600 years. Given that Earth is some 5 billions years old, why is there any radium at all?


A) Radium-226 is one of several self-transmutating isotopes of the elements of the periodic table and is able to replenish itself so that it is never depleted.
B) Radium-226 and Radium-218 undergo a series of transmutation reactions of alpha and beta decay to repeatedly become one another approximately every 1600 years.
C) Radium-226 is a "daughter" isotope and the result of the radioactive decay of uranium.
D) Radium-226 and Astatine-218 are converted back and forth via transmutation to one another at each of their respective half-life cycles.

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You are given three radioactive samples (α, β, and γ) and can only dispose of one. The other two you must keep, one in your hand, the other in your pocket. How would you minimize your exposure risk?


A) keep α in hand, keep β in pocket, and dispose of γ
B) dispose of α, keep β in hand, and keep γ in pocket
C) dispose of α, keep β in pocket and keep γ in hand
D) keep α in pocket, dispose of β, and keep γ in hand
E) keep α in hand, dispose of β, and keep γ in pocket

Correct Answer

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How many alpha particles are emitted in the series of radioactive decay events from a U-238 nucleus to a Pb-206 nucleus?


A) 32
B) 16
C) 8
D) 4

Correct Answer

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Is the mass of an atomic nucleus greater or less than the sum of the masses of the nucleons composing it? Why don't the nucleon masses add up to the total nuclear mass?


A) Greater. We need to add the masses of the surrounding electrons to the masses of the nucleons.
B) Neither. The mass of the atomic nucleus is exactly the sum of the masses of the nucleons.
C) Less. The individual nucleons have greater mass when separated from the nucleus. This additional mass is a result of the energy of separation.
D) Greater. The mass of the atomic nucleus also has mass of the "atomic glue" that holds the nucleons together in the nucleus.

Correct Answer

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Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission?


A) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Th → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Pa + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above e
B) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Th → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Ac + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above e
C) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Th → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Pa + Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above e
D) Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above Th → Which of the following nuclear equations correctly describes alpha emission? A) Th → Pa + e B) Th → Ac + e C) Th → Pa + e D) Th → e E) none of the above e
E) none of the above

Correct Answer

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Which of the following emits more radiation?


A) a coal-fired power plant
B) a nuclear power plant
C) fallout from nuclear tests in the '50s and '60s
D) a television set
E) a computer monitor

Correct Answer

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Does the average distance that a neutron travels through fissionable material before escaping increase or decrease when two pieces of fissionable material are assembled into one piece? Does this assembly increase or decrease the probability of an explosion?


A) The average distance increases while the probability of an explosion also increases.
B) The average distance decreases while the probability of an explosion decreases.
C) The average distance increases while the probability of an explosion decreases.
D) The average distance decreases while the probability of an explosion increases.

Correct Answer

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Which of the following professions would likely have the highest occupational exposure to radiation per year?


A) airline pilot
B) quarterback for the Denver Broncos
C) center for the L.A. Lakers
D) deep sea diver
E) lifeguard

Correct Answer

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