A) Amino acids may be used to synthesize the non-essential amino acids.
B) Glucose is used to synthesize glycogen for energy storage.
C) Glycerol is used to synthesize phospholipids for cell membranes.
D) Acetyl groups from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids are used to synthesize cholesterol.
E) Amino acids are used to synthesize proteins.
F) Glucose is used to synthesize the heptose sugars for DNA and RNA.
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A) The thermostat of the human body is in the cerebrum,the thinking part of the brain.
B) The normal range of human body temperature is 36o to 38oF.
C) Body temperature is usually lowest in the early morning hours.
D) The average person's body temperature fluctuates 3o to 4oF in 24 hours.
E) Most heat comes from cell respiration,which is the production of ATP energy from food molecules.
F) The human thermostat balances heat production and heat loss.
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A) The process of sweating brings about heat loss by way of diffusion.
B) Most heat that is lost from the body is lost through the skin.
C) Blood is warmed by passage through active organs,and carries heat to cooler body areas.
D) Small amounts of body heat are lost with exhalations.
E) A breeze cools the skin surface by the process of radiation.
F) If the environmental temperature is 80oF and the humidity is 90%,sweating will be the most efficient mechanism of heat loss.
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A) An amino acid may be changed to pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle.
B) Glycerol is a small molecule that can go directly to the cytochromes.
C) An amino acid may be changed to an acetyl group to enter the Krebs cycle.
D) Fatty acids are changed to pyruvic acid in the process of beta-oxidation.
E) The process of beta-oxidation takes place primarily in the pancreas.
F) Both fatty acids and amino acids may be changed to ketones.
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A,C,F
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A) In a cold environment,arterioles in the dermis dilate to keep the skin warm.
B) In a warm environment,sweat glands secrete more sweat onto the skin surface.
C) In a cold environment,muscle tone decreases to prevent fatigue and waste of energy.
D) In a warm environment,blood flow through the dermis increases.
E) In a cold environment,digestion speeds up to produce more energy in the form of heat.
F) In a warm and humid environment,vasoconstriction is the most efficient mechanism of heat loss.
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A) A gram of fat has 6 calories.
B) A gram of carbohydrate has 5 calories.
C) A gram of protein has 4 calories.
D) A snack with 5 grams of fat,15 grams of carbohydrate,and 2 grams of protein has 113 calories.
E) A snack with 3 grams of fat,20 grams of carbohydrate,and 4 grams of protein has 95 calories.
F) A snack with 20 grams of fat,10 grams of carbohydrate,and 10 grams of protein has 260 calories.
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A) Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria.
B) The enzymes for the Krebs citric acid cycle are in the cytoplasm of the cell.
C) The cytochromes of the electron transport system are in the mitochondria.
D) Oxygen is required for the Krebs cycle,but not for glycolysis.
E) Oxygen is required for the electron transport chain,but not for the Krebs cycle.
F) Oxygen is required for the Krebs cycle but not for the electron transport chain or for glycolysis.
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A) A substance or pathogen that causes a fever is a pyrogen.
B) A low fever may be beneficial in that WBCs become more active.
C) A pyrogen activates the heat gain mechanisms regulated by the thalamus.
D) A very high fever may cause brain damage because carbohydrates become denatured.
E) Some chemicals produced as part of inflammation are endogenous pyrogens.
F) A fever may be beneficial in that a higher temperature inhibits some bacteria.
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A,B,E,F
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A) The skin is a large organ and produces 30% of the body's total heat.
B) The liver is a large organ and produces 20% of the body's total heat.
C) Heat production is a constant process because ATP production is a constant process.
D) Skeletal muscles produce heat only during exercise.
E) Heat is one of the energy products of cell respiration.
F) The brain is a large organ and produces about 20% of the body's total heat.
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A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis or building reactions.
B) Energy production can be measured as heat production,which is measured in kilocalories.
C) An infant has a higher metabolic rate than does an adult,because the infant is much younger.
D) Muscle tissue has a lower metabolic rate than does adipose tissue.
E) Anabolic reactions include the stages of cell respiration.
F) Basal metabolic rate is the energy production of the body at rest.
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A) The molecule that enters glycolysis is glucose.
B) The molecule that enters the Krebs cycle is pyruvic acid.
C) The molecules that are carried to the cytochromes are hydrogens.
D) The products of glycolysis are pyruvic acid,NADH2,and ATP.
E) The products of the Krebs cycle are NADH2,FADH2,CO2,and ATP.
F) The products of the cytochrome transport system are ATP and water.
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A,B,C,D,E,F
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