Question 1

During an action potential:

Accepted Answer

A)   the voltage of the cell membrane drops to zero and then returns to -70 mV.
B)   the voltage of the cell membrane drops to zero,returns to about -100 mV,and then goes to 70 mV.
C)   the voltage of the cell membrane goes to about +30 mV and then drops to -70 mV.
D)   the voltage of the cell membrane goes to about +30 mV,drops to -100 mV,and then goes to -70 mV.

Question 2

Research on optogenetics and light-sensitive ion channels has revealed that channel rhodopsin-2 can be used to _____ neurons and halorhodopsin can be used to _____ neurons.

Accepted Answer

A)   hyperpolarize;depolarize
B)   depolarize;hyperpolarize
C)   destroy;depolarize
D)   depolarize;destroy

Question 3

For an EPSP to cause another action potential,the stimulation must reach the _____,which is (are) rich in voltage-sensitive ion channels.

Accepted Answer

A)   initial segment (axon hillock) 
B)   cell body
C)   dendrites
D)   terminal buttons

Question 4

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)   the opening of potassium channels,allowing the outflow of potassium.
B)   the opening of sodium channels,allowing the influx of sodium.
C)   the closing of potassium channels,stopping the influx of potassium.
D)   the closing of sodium channels,stopping the influx of potassium.

Question 5

_____ combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue.

Accepted Answer

A)   Photogenetics
B)   Optogenetics
C)   Infragenetics
D)   None of the answers is correct.

Question 6

_____ is a neurological disorder that is linked to periods of excessive neural synchrony.

Accepted Answer

A)   Epilepsy
B)   Parkinson disease
C)   Multiple sclerosis
D)   Stroke

Question 7

Saltatory conduction refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)   sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid.
B)   action potentials that are facilitated by sodium.
C)   action potentials jumping from one node to the next.
D)   the leakage of the sodium channels that require the existence of a sodium-potassium pump.

Question 8

The speed of information flow in a nerve was first measured by:

Accepted Answer

A)   Hermann von Helmholtz.
B)   Wilder Penfield.
C)   Eduard Hitzig.
D)   Gustave Fritsch.

Question 9

The propagation of the nerve impulse is:

Accepted Answer

A)   not decremental.
B)   related to the opening of potassium and sodium ion channels.
C)   similar to the effect of falling dominoes.
D)   All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

The negative charge inside of the cell membrane is largely a product of the presence of negatively charged:

Accepted Answer

A)   potassium ions.
B)   sodium ions.
C)   protein anions.
D)   All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Hair receptors are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)   taste.
B)   vision.
C)   hearing and balance.
D)   touch.

Question 12

When Richard Caton first measured fluctuations on a voltmeter from electrodes placed on the scalp of a human subject,he was recording what we now call:

Accepted Answer

A)   the electroencephalogram.
B)   the action potential.
C)   the magnetoencephalogram.
D)   axonal conductance.

Question 13

_____ is the term used to denote reverse movement of the action potential into the dendrites.

Accepted Answer

A)   EPSP reversal
B)   Back propagation
C)   Inverse IPSP
D)   None of the answers is correct.

Question 14

The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the _____ and the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   inflow of sodium;outflow of potassium
B)   outflow of sodium;inflow of potassium
C)   inflow of calcium;outflow of potassium
D)   inflow of sodium;outflow of chloride

Question 15

EPSPs are associated with _____,whereas IPSPs are associated with _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   opening of sodium channels;opening of potassium channels
B)   opening of sodium channels;closing of potassium channels
C)   closing of sodium channels;opening of potassium channels
D)   opening of calcium channels;closing of potassium channels

Question 16

The patch technique involves:

Accepted Answer

A)   placing the tip of a microelectrode on an axon.
B)   recording between two microelectrodes,one inside the axon and the other outside.
C)   placing the tip of the microelectrode in an axon and applying some back suction.
D)   placing the tips of two microelectrodes in an axon and recording between them.

Question 17

_____ produce(s) myelin in the peripheral nervous system,whereas _____ produce(s) myelin in the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A)   Ependymal cells;Schwann cells
B)   Astroglia;oligodendroglia
C)   Oligodendroglia;Schwann cells
D)   Schwann cells,oligodendroglia

Question 18

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are active:

Accepted Answer

A)   whenever the cell membrane starts to depolarize.
B)   when the voltage across the membrane reaches zero.
C)   when the threshold voltage of the cell is reached.
D)   when the voltage across the membrane reaches +30 mV.

Question 19

Sodium channels close when the membrane potential reaches approximately:

Accepted Answer

A)   +50 mV.
B)   +30 mV.
C)   -50 mV.
D)   0 mV.

Question 20

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)   excess myelin on axons.
B)   loss of myelin around axons.
C)   excess excitatory input.
D)   excess inhibitory input.

Exam 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information? Part B

_____ combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is a neurological disorder that is linked to periods of excessive neural synchrony.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The patch technique involves:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During an action potential:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ produce(s) myelin in the peripheral nervous system,whereas _____ produce(s) myelin in the central nervous system.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The negative charge inside of the cell membrane is largely a product of the presence of negatively charged:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hair receptors are associated with:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Saltatory conduction refers to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are active:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When Richard Caton first measured fluctuations on a voltmeter from electrodes placed on the scalp of a human subject,he was recording what we now call:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The propagation of the nerve impulse is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on optogenetics and light-sensitive ion channels has revealed that channel rhodopsin-2 can be used to _____ neurons and halorhodopsin can be used to _____ neurons.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The speed of information flow in a nerve was first measured by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are caused by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the _____ and the _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is the term used to denote reverse movement of the action potential into the dendrites.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For an EPSP to cause another action potential,the stimulation must reach the _____,which is (are) rich in voltage-sensitive ion channels.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sodium channels close when the membrane potential reaches approximately:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

EPSPs are associated with _____,whereas IPSPs are associated with _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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_ produce(s) myelin in the peripheral nervous system,whereas _ produce(s) myelin in the central nervous system.

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Research on optogenetics and light-sensitive ion channels has revealed that channel rhodopsin-2 can be used to _ neurons and halorhodopsin can be used to _ neurons.

Correct Answer
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The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the _ and the _.

Correct Answer
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EPSPs are associated with _,whereas IPSPs are associated with _.

Correct Answer
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