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Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

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Question 101

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A new taxon of beetle species consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor.It is thus called a _______.

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Question 102

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Consider five species of toads (A-E) .Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is a sister to the clade containing species C and D.Not counting the root as a node, how many nodes would be found in a phylogenetic tree of species A, B, C, D, and E?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

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Question 103

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Which is a property of HIV that would make it difficult to trace the source of the virus from one person to the next?

Consider five species of toads (A-E) .Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is a sister to the clade containing species C and D.Not counting the root as a node, how many nodes would be found in a phylogenetic tree of species A, B, and C?

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen. How many generations of evolution have occurred between the A lineage and the C lineage? Remember that evolution is occurring in both lineages.

Phylogenetic analysis shows that HIV most likely was transmitted to humans from _______ species of nonhuman primates.

In modern systematics, each family name is based on

The wasp genus Nasonia contains all of the descendants of the common ancestor of its members.This genus therefore would be called

Several distantly related clades of a family of plants have smooth fleshy leaves, whereas most plants related to the plants with fleshy leaves do not have this trait.Without any further information, the least parsimonious explantation for this is that the fleshy leaves

Four different phylogenetic trees of a group of salamanders have been proposed.Trees A and B each require 19 homoplasies, but tree A requires 16 synapomorphies, and tree B requires 15 synapomorphies.Tree C requires 15 homoplasies and 18 synapomorphies.Finally, tree D requires 22 homoplasies and 9 synapomorphies.According to the principle of parsimony, which tree or trees is/are the best?

Refer to the figure. Which of these phylogenetic trees conveys different phylogenetic information from the others?

Recall the Hillis et al.experiments that tested the accuracy of methods used in phylogenetic analysis.If even more mutagens had been added, the rate of evolution would have been _______, there would have been _______ expected homoplasies, and the accuracy of the phylogenetic analysis most likely would have been _______ than what was observed.

Consider five species of toads (A-E) .Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is a sister to the clade containing species C and D.Not counting the root as a node, how many nodes would be found in a phylogenetic tree of species A, B, C, and D?

Refer to the figure. In the clade that contains species A, B, C, and D, species _______ would be part of the ingroup, and species _______ would be an outgroup.

A taxon of beetles includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.This taxon is a _______ group.

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen. Which lineage would likely share the most synapomorphies with lineage F?

Your colleague has incorrectly written a species of dwarf salamander as eurycea Hillisi.Based on the rules of binomial nomenclature, _______ is the proper way to write the species name.

There are five species of beetles.Species A and B have red colored wings, whereas species C and D have pale wings and species E lacks wings completely.Which piece of evidence would best support the hypothesis that red wings are a synapomorphy?

In their studies testing the accuracy of phylogenetic methods, Hillis and colleagues split the culture virus into two separate lineages.Why did they do this?

A well-funded team of biologists have collected data on a number of different anatomical features of a group of marine gastropods.Prior work has shown that the rates of evolution of different features vary widely.Based on this, the biologists should use _______ methods in the analysis of their data.