Exam 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) reticular formation.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

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C

A) impaired ability to perform physical labor.
B) psychosis.
C) some perceptual distortions.
D) subsequent rebound recovery of lost slow-wave sleep.
E) a mild form of bipolar disorder.

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C

A) weight gain.
B) weight loss.
C) relaxation
D) mood disorder.
E) night-time overeating.

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A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.
E) GABA.

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A) Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers.
B) Sleeping pills directly alter the cause of insomnia.
C) Insomnia is a disease that can be treated by a pill.
D) Unlike other drugs, persistent use of sleeping pills does not lead to tolerance.
E) Sleeping pills are more effective when combined with alcohol.

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A) visible changes in respiration.
B) changes in motor movements involving speech..
C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
D) changes in consciousness.
E) the quality and quantity of dreams.

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A) Apnea
B) Hypnagogic hallucination
C) Cataplexy
D) Night terror
E) Somnambulism

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Pulses of light induce FOS activity with...

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A) adenosine; wakefulness
B) GABA; REM sleep
C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep
D) a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep
E) GABA; slow-wave sleep

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A) anxiety disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) mania
D) panic attack
E) depression

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A) this pattern is seen in children but not adults.
B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
C) this wave form waxes and wanes during the day.
D) it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol.
E) drugs can elicit this brain wave pattern.

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A) clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep.
B) promote dreaming.
C) rest the brain.
D) promote brain development.
E) facilitate learning.

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A) newborn infants spend 70% of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep.
B) active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep.
C) REM sleep increases in college students during exam time.
D) the elderly spend 85% of their sleep time in REM.
E) infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.

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Slow-wave sleep is produced by activity of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) that act by inhibition of neural systems that promote wakefulness. The vlPOA secretes GABA, which in turn inhibits transmitter systems that are key to arousal and wakefulness. These include norepinephrine within the locus coeruleus, histamine in the tuberomammillary nucleus, and serotonin within the raphe nuclei. Adenosine may promote sleep by GABA-mediated inactivation of acetylcholine neurons that promote arousal. Orexin (hypocretin) neurons promote wakefulness.

A) blocked airways.
B) obesity and diabetes.
C) psychosis.
D) mood disorder.
E) bipolar disorder.

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Non-REM consists of four stages: stage 1...

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A) slow-wave sleep is absent from its sleep pattern.
B) sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres.
C) no eye movements occur in the dolphin during sleep.
D) blindness has eliminated the need of the dolphin for sleep.
E) this animal does not exhibit slow-wave sleep.

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